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United Automobile Worker
-
1957-04-01
-
Vol. 20 No. 4
-
7
195
April,
eee eee
AUTOMOBILE
UNITED
Page 3
WORKER
the International Union, as a part of our pre-
paratory work
convened
on
our
representative
collective
has
bargaining,
to collective
national
conferences
program.
bargaining
SPECIAL 1958 CONVENTION
In connection with the 1958 negotiations,
d
ar
Bo
ive
cut
Exe
l
ona
ati
ern
Int
and
rs
ice
off
the
are recommending that the 1957 UAW Convention should adopt an appropriate enabling
resolution calling for the convening of a special convention
;
:
ce
Vi
t,
gh
ri
to
ft
le
:
on
ti
en
nv
Co
by the 1955
—
d
ar
ch
Ri
,
ck
co
od
Wo
d
ar
on
Le
ts
en
id
Pres
Gosser and John Livingston; President
rNo
t
en
id
es
Pr
ce
Vi
r,
he
ut
Re
P.
Walter
r
re
su
ea
Tr
yar
et
cr
Se
d
an
ws
he
tt
Ma
man
d
ke
as
s
wa
on
st
ng
vi
Li
en
Wh
y.
ze
Ma
il
Em
me
co
be
to
O
CI
LAF
ed
rg
me
ywl
ne
e
_by th
its Director of Organization early in 1956,
he was replaced as a vice president by
Di
4
on
gi
Re
en
th
,
ft)
(le
se
ou
th
ea
Pat Gr
rector.
to be held
in January,
1958,
lec
col
ic
bas
the
ng
ti
op
ad
of
e
os
rp
pu
the
for
tive bargaining demands which will be proc~ essed at the bargaining table in 1958.
eSp
is
th
at
th
ng
di
en
mm
co
re
e
ar
e
W
_
cial Convention deal with the formulation
of broad economic demands
and take ac-
mco
re
.
We
te
ua
eq
ad
re
m
mo
ra
og
pr
ef
li
re
ke
ri
st
r
tion making ou
mend that strike benefits be paid on the basis of right rather than
on the basis of need when our members are compelled to strike by
ic
om
on
ec
e
of
ur
as
me
e
th
em
t
th
an
nt
gr
to
me
ge
na
ma
l
of
the refusa
justice to which they are entitled.
del
ona
iti
add
of
on
ati
mul
for
the
n,
tio
ven
Con
l
cia
Spe
the
ing
Follow
y
an
mp
co
r
ula
tic
par
a
to
s
and
dem
ad
bro
the
of
on
ati
lic
app
the
mands and
cor
the
h
oug
thr
and
ons
uni
al
loc
the
by
out
ked
wor
be
l
wil
or industry
poration and industry councils involved.
deng
ni
ai
rg
ba
e
tiv
lec
col
our
ail
det
to
t
emp
att
to
ly
While it is too ear
h
ic
wh
and
out
ed
rk
ma
y
arl
cle
y
ead
alr
are
ls
goa
n
tai
cer
mands for 1958,
ersid
con
ul
tf
gh
ou
th
r
you
ite
inv
to
as
so
y
efl
bri
th
for
set
to
e
lik
I should
ation on these matters.
WAGES—INCREASED TAKE-HOME PAY
in
se
rea
inc
the
be
t
mus
8
195
in
ort
eff
g
nin
gai
bar
our
of
m
ite
or
maj
A
W
UA
the
of
gy
er
en
d
an
e
tim
the
of
n
io
rt
po
ng
si
An increa
at both
n
io
Un
the
g
in
ar
ep
pr
to
d
te
vo
de
be
st
mu
el
lev
l
the local and Internationa
go
ne
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
e
tiv
lec
col
58
19
our
for
ip
and mobilizing the membersh
tiations.
lec
col
W
UA
of
y
tor
his
the
in
ve
isi
dec
be
l
wil
The year 1958
ft
cra
air
,
ve
ti
mo
to
au
the
in
cts
tra
con
r
jo
Ma
s.
tive bargaining effort
e
fac
we
and
ate
min
ter
l
wil
s
rie
ust
ind
t
en
em
pl
im
and agricultural
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
the
at
y
it
un
rt
po
op
s
thi
ng
ati
nsl
tra
of
ty
ili
sib
pon
the res
ifam
ir
the
and
s
er
mb
me
our
for
ts
en
em
ev
hi
ac
table into tangible
lies in terms of higher living standards, greater economic security
and a fuller measure of leisure to enjoy the blessings of a good
life.
The UAW can be proud of the progress that we have made to date.
We have built our Union strong and we have fought hard at the bargaining table for the fuller measure of economic and social justice to which
our members were entitled. We have pioneered in many vital areas of
collective bargaining and we have pointed the way for still greater prog-
ng
livi
er
high
,
ress
prog
ter
Grea
g.
nnin
begi
a
only
e
mad
have
we
But
ress.
standards and further enrichment of the lives of our members and their
families are within our reach as we share with others the fruits of economic abundance made possible by our developing technology.
We have made progress in the face of powerful opposition of America’s largest and wealthiest corporations. We have overcome the advantage of their great wealth through the power of dedication and devotion
on the part of hundreds of thousands of UAW members, united by the
solidarity of human brotherhood in the common search for a richer and
fuller life for themselves and their families. The UAW has always acted
in the knowledge that we can make progress as a part of our free society
only as we work with other people in solving the common problems of
the whole of our society. We have not acted like a narrow, economic
pressure group trying to make progress at the expense of our neighbors.
Three basic principles have guided our approach to collective bargaining.
1. We have tried to formulate demands which were economically
sound, morally right and socially responsible.
2. We have tried to promote a broad understanding of these demands among our membership so that the power of our Union
at the bargaining table is a reflection of the understanding, the
dedication and the determination of the rank-and-file workers
in support of their demands.
3. We have tried to equip the Union, both at the International and
the local level, with effective tools with which to work in the
implementation of our collective bargaining demands.
AN
INVINCIBLE COMBINATION
We believe that when demands are economically sound, morally right
and socially responsible in terms of the needs of our total society and we
have mobilized behind these demands an enlightened membership, with
the Union effectively prepared to implement the demands, we have
brought together an invincible combination that will bring success at the
bargaining table.
The demands that we will present to the various corporations in 1958
will come out of the democratic processes of our Union through discusfet
con
h
oug
thr
and
gs
tin
mee
on
uni
l
loca
and
p
sho
of
nds
sion in thousa
ences at the regional and International levels of our Union.
In the past,
pur
d
de
ee
-n
ch
mu
the
e
vid
pro
to
ip
sh
er
mb
me
our
of
pay
ome
e-h
the tak
of
nce
nda
abu
the
for
ket
mar
s
mas
a
e
vid
pro
to
ary
ess
nec
er
pow
chasing
a mass production economy.
posit
e
mak
ss
gre
pro
l
ica
log
hno
tec
of
ms
for
er
oth
and
n
tio
oma
Aut
in
ns
gai
ous
ane
ult
sim
to
y
call
isti
real
d
war
for
k
loo
to
us
for
sible now
be
uld
sho
it
k
wee
k
wor
the
uce
red
we
As
.
nce
nda
abu
and
both leisure
kly
wee
ng
sti
exi
in
nta
mai
to
ely
mer
not
,
time
e
sam
the
at
possible for us,
pay but to increase it.
The growth of output made possible in the years ahead by our
new technology will make it imperative that we advance rapidly to
higher living standards even as we reduce hours of work in ordet
to absorb the abundance that our factories and farms will be capable of producing.
We in the UAW have aspecial reason for putting major emphasis on
wage increases in 1958 negotiations. Over the years the task of pioneer-
ing, on behalf of the entire labor movement, into new areas of collective
bargaining has fallen to our Union. It was we who won the first collective bargaining contract, providing for an actuarially sound pension plan
guaranteeing benefits through a trust fund, from any major industrial
corporation. It was we who established the principle of the cost-of-living
escalator clause and annual wage improvement factor. It was also our
Union that led the way in broadening hospital-surgical and insurance
protection, not only for workers but for their families as well. Most recently, it was our Union’s historic bargaining that established the principle
|
of SUB.
Had we not undertaken the responsibility for pioneering in these
areas as well as others, it is likely that neither our members nor workers
elsewhere would have them today.
Pioneering, however, is always a difficult task. Employer opposition
is always more bitter and determined in the face of demands that break
into new areas than it is to the improved implementation of established
principles. Thus, while the brunt of the struggle has often fallen on our
Union, others have won the same principles with much less effort, enabling them to. concentrate more of their energy on wages. As a result,
wage increases in our industries, although substantially in advance of
those for manufacturing industries generally, have fallen behind the level
where they should be.
The matter of winning substantial wage increases—over and above
the amounts required to maintain weekly pay in the face of reduced weekly hours of work—is therefore one to which we will have to give most
serious attention in 1958 negotiations.
SHORTER
WORK
WEEK
The last Convention voted “to place the winning of the shorter work
week at the top of our Union’s collective bargaining agenda after the
Guaranteed Wage has been achieved.” The foundations of guaranteed
employment have been well laid and the principle soundly established in
our SUB agreements. The time is now at hand to prepare for the next
major advance in labor’s historic progress toward greater leisure.
The age of automation makes it possible to achieve both greater
abundance and greater leisure for the enjoyment of that abundance. In
fact, we are advancing so rapidly in learning to produce more goods with
fewer hours of work, while our national—and particularly our business—
leadership learns so slowly to distribute properly what we can produce,
that our only real choice may lie in the form in which we shall take our
April,
UNITED
L957
icsniscacis
Ce
WORKER
AUTOMOBILE
LT
liannaliene
neeeenmsleianaaaemenesiieinnsteionicienieniaa
eeo
A
Page
Le
Le
er
5
ee
the
on,
Uni
l
ona
ati
ern
Int
the
by
ion
act
and
ion
ent
att
g
sin
rea
inc
quires
local unions,
and the UAW
agement act in a more
ning to facilitate the
provements on a basis
and their families nor
are located.
We
membership.
must demand
that man-
responsible manner and do sufficient advance planfactoring into our industry of technological 1mand time schedule that will not victimize workers
penalize the communities in which existing plants
t
un
mo
ra
pa
the
is
er
rk
wo
the
of
ity
equ
the
of
n
tio
tec
pro
The
s
end
nsc
tra
ty
ili
sib
pon
res
s
thi
and
nt
me
ge
na
ma
of
ty
ili
sib
respon
e
aus
bec
ers
old
ckh
sto
the
to
has
nt
me
ge
na
ma
t
tha
ty
ili
sib
pon
any res
ty
er
op
pr
to
or
eri
sup
sly
iou
obv
are
ues
val
n
ma
hu
and
hts
rig
n
huma
rights and material values.
de
itu
att
the
of
on
ti
ua
in
nt
co
a
te
era
tol
not
l
wil
We cannot and we
to
ght
“ri
the
t
tha
ert
ass
d
ul
wo
o
wh
s
ie
an
mp
co
n
tai
demonstrated by cer
o
—t
nt
wa
y
the
ng
hi
yt
an
do
to
ck
che
nk
bla
a
nt
me
ge
na
ma
manage” gives
act
imp
the
to
nce
ere
iff
ind
s
lou
cal
h
wit
nts
pla
te
oca
rel
move work and to
es.
ili
fam
ir
the
and
s
er
rk
wo
of
ity
equ
the
on
up
s
nt
me
ve
mo
of such
W
UA
the
of
rd
Boa
ive
cut
Exe
l
ona
ati
ern
Int
the
m,
ble
pro
To meet this
for
n
tio
ven
Con
7
195
the
to
d
de
en
mm
co
re
be
to
m
gra
pro
a
has adopted
bar
the
at
on
ati
ent
lem
imp
cal
cti
pra
for
and
on
pti
ado
and
n
tio
considera
gaining table.
OTHER COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
OBJECTIVES
in
,
rse
cou
of
g,
nin
gai
bar
e
tiv
lec
col
of
as
are
er
oth
There are many
which we must seek substantial progress in 1958 negotiations.
SUPPLEMENTARY UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS
ort
rep
s
thi
in
e
er
wh
se
el
ted
ica
ind
as
ts
en
em
re
ag
B
Our present SU
h
ic
wh
to
ty
uri
sec
nt
me
oy
pl
em
of
d
kin
the
of
g
in
nn
gi
be
reflect only the
h
ug
ro
th
nt
me
oy
pl
em
ize
bil
sta
t
mus
we
r,
the
Fur
ed.
itl
ent
our members are
win
d
an
5
195
in
le
tab
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
the
at
ed
ish
abl
est
the principles we
haz
the
t
ins
aga
es
ili
fam
ir
the
and
s
er
rk
wo
for
n
tio
tec
pro
te
ua
more adeq
ards and hardships of layoffs and unemployment.
PENSIONS
al
gin
ori
the
r
ove
ed
ov
pr
im
tly
vas
gh
ou
th
al
ms
ra
og
pr
n
sio
Our pen
g
in
en
th
ng
re
st
al
nti
sta
sub
e
uir
req
l
stil
0,
195
and
plans negotiated in 1949
es
rul
the
and
ts
efi
ben
of
el
lev
the
to
t
pec
res
h
wit
h
bot
t
en
and improvem
e
ur
as
me
t
tha
ed
iev
ach
e
hav
we
t
tha
er
sid
con
can
we
ore
bef
ty
of eligibili
of economic security and human
and his wife are entitled.
dignity to which every retired worker
HOSPITAL-MEDICAL CARE
tmee
of
rt
sho
far
s
fall
still
n
tio
tec
pro
nce
ura
ins
l
ica
med
alpit
Our hos
our
of
one
face
we
,
area
this
In
ds.
nee
ty
uri
sec
lth
hea
s’
ber
mem
ing our
smty
uri
sec
lth
hea
te
qua
ade
to
rs
rie
bar
the
of
e
aus
bec
s
task
t
icul
diff
t
mos
d,
ine
erm
det
are
We
.
ics
nom
eco
l
ica
med
of
tem
sys
ng
sti
exi
the
by
posed
however, to press forward and to use our collective bargaining power to
win comprehensive protection for our workers and their families against
the hazards of sickness and accidents through a program of fully paid
medical care that will meet the cost of medical care both in the hospital
and in the home.
In another section of this report, I deal with this problem in greater
detail and report on the efforts that the UAW is making at the Detroit
community level in sponsoring a comprehensive hospital-medical care
program.
Many others of our economic gains of past years imperatively require
further development. In addition, certain major and longstanding policy
objectives of our Union, such as elimination of discrimination at the hiring gate, are still to be achieved
in the major
corporations.
ma
on
s
er
rk
wo
of
d
ea
st
In
:
ON
TI
MA
TO
AU
THIS IS
of
w
ro
a
for
s
on
tt
bu
of
w
ro
a
d
an
er
rk
wo
e
on
t
chines, jus
machines.
No
in
te
ima
ult
the
es
iev
ach
r
eve
ort
eff
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
e
tiv
lec
col
single
or
lab
h
ic
wh
in
ort
eff
ng
ui
in
nt
co
a
is
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
e
tiv
lec
Col
l.
labor's goa
t
mus
We
or.
lab
its
of
its
fru
the
of
e
ur
as
me
er
ull
r-f
eve
an
attempts to win
ott
neg
8
195
the
om
fr
n
gai
to
ves
sel
our
e
par
pre
to
lly
efu
begin now car
apr,
ve
we
ho
t,
mus
We
.
win
ly
sib
pos
can
we
t
tha
m
mu
xi
ma
ations the
proach these negotiations realistically, for in collective bargaining wishful
thinking does not yield practical results.
Between now and the time of the proposed Special Convention
next January, all of us share the responsibility through democratic
discussion at all levels of our Union of formulating a practical,
realistic and manageable package of demands which reflect the
needs of our membership and behind which we can mobilize the
full strength of our Union and the solidarity of our ranks. I am
confident that our membership has attained sufficient experience
and maturity to approach this task responsibly and intelligently,
selecting for 1958 those demands which are most urgent and important.
I am equally confident that with careful preparation, teamwork in the
leadership and solidarity in the ranks, our 1958 negotiations can bring us
greater gains than any we have thus far been able to achieve in any other
bargaining situation.
Moreover,
substantial though our contract gains have been since the signing of our
first one-page agreement with General Motors 20 years ago, much further /
strengthening of our contractual provisions is required before our mem
bers attain full citizenship inside the plant walls.
We must remain ever conscious of the fact that the purpose of the
Union is not solely related to the achievement of greater economic gains
for workers and that a vital and important function of the Union must
be performed on a day-to-day basis in the factory and on the assembly
line by meeting on a satisfactory basis the day-to-day shop problems of
workers. In a real sense, the important activities of the Union are not
performed in the International office but in the factory and only if we
have a strong and active Union that functions day in and day out in terms
of the needs and problems of the worker can we say that the Union ts
really meeting its prime responsibilities. One of these prime responsibilities requires eternal vigilance on the part of the Union to protect workers
against speedup and unfair production standards. I deal in greater detail
with this question of production standards in another section of my
repott.
SHORTER CONTRACT DURATION
The accelerating rapidity of the march of technological progress requires also that we work for agreements shorter in duration than the
three-year contracts that presently cover the major part of our membership. ‘We must remain free to move more frequently in collective bargaining in response to the changes taking place so rapidly in our tech-
nology and our economy.
%
*
*%
6
As we look to 1958 negotiations, we must recognize that they will not
take us over the threshold of Utopia but will be merely another step—a
long step up—along the historic road of labor’s progress.
Be Sareea
We
oO Industrial Revolution.
have crossed the threshold of the Second Industrial Revolution
and automation. The peaceful harnessing of the atom and the new developments in science and technology will be affecting our lives in increasing measures.
To workers in the automotive, aircraft and agricultural implement
industries and the citizens generally, the new revolutionary technology
with automation, electronics and the new sources of power and energy
released from the mystery of the atom, offer a compelling challenge and
a glorious opportunity for unprecedented human progress and human
betterment.
As the history of human civilization clearly reflects, man historically
in his struggle to keep body and soul together has wrestled with the
problem of dividing up economic scarcity. There was always the problem of too little food and too many mouths to be fed, too little clothing
and too many naked bodies to be kept warm, too few good shelters and
too many families to be housed. This has been the problem throughout
the ages.
The new tools of economic abundance can now free man from
this ancient. struggle for material survival and replace scarcity,
poverty and human despair with economic abundance and the
good life for all. The new tools with their potential and unprecedented economic abundance will enable mankind to solve his
ancient problems of providing food, clothing and housing. Having
achieved the ability to satisfy his material needs, man can devote
more time, more energy and greater resources in advancing the
UNITED
Page 6
non-material aspects of human
AUTOMOBILE
of consumer
being.
MORAL
,
KNOW-WHY
The answer to the problem and the key to the fulfillment of the
promise of a more abundant life for all people will not be worked out
by the scientist with his test tube nor by the engineer with his slide rule.
The scientists and engineers working in the fields of the physical sciences
will provide us with the scientific, the technical and the production knowhow. It is in the social and human sciences, in the equating of material
wealth with human values that we must work out the human,
|
and the moral know-why.
the social
Economic activity is not an end, it is the means to an end, the end be-
ing the enrichment and the fulfillment of the aspirations of human life.
Collective bargaining and the power of a dedicated and morally responsible free labor movement are among democracy’s most effective tools in
the task of equating technological progress with human progress.
We, in the UAW,
the tools
of production
were
7
policy problems
market, thus displacing workers, rather than on an increase in the total
amount of productive facilities which would employ additional workers
to serve a growing market.
In 1956 business investment in new plant and equipment was 22 per
are
cent higher than in 1955. The facilities created by this investment.
only now starting to come into operation. The months ahead will reveal
whether consumer purchasing power is expanding rapidly enough to absorb the output of these new facilities and still provide sufficient new
employment opportunities to balance out growth in the labor force, or
whether we will have a creeping rise in unemployment resulting from the
fact that the new plants and equipment can produce with fewer workers
all the goods that consumers can afford to buy.
The growth in the importance of automation in our economy is evi-
proved its value
to such
industries
as chemicals,
tele-
phones, steel casting and petroleum. In 1955, 15 per cent of the
amount spent by the oil-processing industry for capital improvements went for automatic equipment. In 1956, the aircraft industry put one-fifth of all its funds for equipment into self-operating
machines. A third of the automobile makers’ investment for equipment in 1955-57 will go for automatic machine tools.
“And yet these orders represent only a fraction of all possible
applications .. .”
PLANT
FORD
e
re-
l
ria
ust
Ind
the
of
ent
sid
Pre
as
and
,
rgy
ene
mic
lated to automation and ato
mit
com
l
cia
spe
a
ed
ish
abl
est
e
hav
I
O,
CI
LAF
the
of
nt
me
rt
pa
Union De
of
n
tio
sec
sscro
ge
lar
a
m
fro
nel
son
per
cal
hni
tec
tee of competent
mic
ato
and
n
tio
oma
aut
of
m
ble
pro
the
in
ed
olv
inv
ly
more direct
s
ort
eff
g
nin
gai
bar
e
tiv
lec
col
our
ing
nat
rdi
coo
of
e
for the purpos
relate to this matter.
the
in
ss
gre
pro
l
ica
log
hno
tec
n,
tio
ven
Con
in
Since we met last
ican economy has been extremely rapid.
that new
ALREADY
OBSOLETE
So rapidly are new developments taking place in automation that the
Ford Cleveland Engine plant, which since 1951 has been regarded as the
classic example of automation, is already obsolete. According to Business
Week magazine:
problems occur.
I
O,
CI
LAF
the
of
e
te
it
mm
Co
icy
Pol
ic
om
on
Ec
the
As Chairman of
have
latter factor has meant
investment has been very heavily concentrated in so-called ““modernization” rather than expansion. The emphasis has been placed on the installation of new and more productive equipment to serve the existing
tion has
the
en
wh
on
ati
loc
dis
the
ze
mi
ni
mi
can
we
t
tha
so
se
ari
l
wil
lems which
to deal with the broad
The
*, .. More than one thousand firms are engaged wholly or
partly in making automatic equipment. During the last few years
such devices have been installed in some 100,000 plants. Automa-
low
fol
n
bee
has
on
Uni
l
ona
ati
ern
Int
the
n,
tio
ven
Con
last
Since our
siger
oth
and
n
tio
oma
aut
of
d
fiel
the
in
nts
pme
elo
dev
new
ely
clos
ing
ss
gre
Con
h
wit
g
kin
wor
n
bee
e
hav
We
es.
anc
adv
l
ica
log
hno
tec
cant
nifi
ilog
hno
tec
a
te
crea
ss
gre
Con
e
hav
to
rts
effo
our
s
pres
and continuing to
r.
labo
ry,
ust
ind
t,
men
ern
gov
the
ble
ena
ld
wou
ch
whi
se
hou
cal clearing
in
ts
en
pm
lo
ve
de
w
ne
the
all
on
ted
pos
t
kep
be
and all other groups to
bpro
w
ne
the
of
e
nc
va
ad
in
far
e
don
be
can
ng
ni
an
pl
t
tha
so
technology
set up a subcommittee
power.
e
sponsible use by their owners had little or no impact upon the balance of
society. With the growing complexity and the unprecedented productive
potential of automation, atomic energy and other phases of our developing technology, a narrow, selfish and anti-social use of these new tools
of production can create serious economic dislocation in the whole of our
society. This confronts ownership in our free economy with social and
economic responsibilities of new and greater dimension.
rather than inflating the standards of luxury of the few.
purchasing
which says:
simple, their reckless and irre-
The UAW will work at the bargaining table and in the legislative halls in cooperation with other groups in an effort to assure
that the fruits of automation, atomic energy and the new technology will be geared to raising the standards of living of the many
1957
denced in a recent pamphlet distributed by the U. S. Information Service
welcome automation and the peaceful har-
nessing of the atom. However, we shall insist that these new tools
be used sanely and morally in terms of the needs of all of the people. American labor is committed to the preservation and strengthening of our free economic system. We can, however, make our
free economy responsive to the needs for all of the people only as
the social responsibility of ownership is increased in direct proportion to the increased productivity of the tools of production.
When
April,
to business to invest and, on the other hand, have restrained the growth
civilization of enabling each human
being to achieve his full growth as a social, cultural and spiritual
THE
WORKER
unions
energy
as they
Amet-
EFFECTS OF EISENHOWER POLICY
er
ow
nh
se
Ei
the
of
es
ici
pol
ic
om
on
ec
the
by
ed
rat
ele
acc
n
It has bee
es”
tiv
cen
“in
w
ne
ed
id
ov
pr
e
hav
d,
han
one
the
on
ch,
whi
Administration
‘, . . Three-fourths of the plant’s original machinery is being
moved. pot. <. The remaining equipment will be so modified
that its resemblance to the original will be almost coincidental.”
The primary reason for replacing the original equipment, estimated
to have cost about $30 million, is explained as follows by the magazine:
“|. . Essentially, the new production machinery will do what
the old did—manufacture engines. But it will do it better, with
less effort, and most important of all, with even less manpower.”
The rapid spread of automation, and the perhaps even more rapid
progress in the techniques of automation, striking though they are, represent only one phase of the Second Industrial Revolution through which
we are living. Another major factor in this Revolution is the enormous
increase in research expenditures by industry and government.
Alfred North Whitehead, the British philosopher, once said, “The
greatest invention of the nineteenth century was the invention of the art
of inventing.” We might add that one of the great developments of the
twentieth century has been to change inventing from an art to a standard
business procedure. The research department is now a fixture in every
important corporation, while the needs of government, especially in national defense, have added to the numbers of research workers, many of
whose discoveries are readily applied to industry.
As a result, the flow of what may be considered “routine” techno-
logical
innovations—new
production
methods,
new
materials
and ma-
chines applicable only to specific processes or industries—and improvements in work-flow—has been greatly accelerated. Harlow Curtice,
president of General Motors, noted recently that “new products, new
processes are coming off the drawing boards of the engineers and out of
the laboratories of the scientists at an ever faster pace.”
PRODUCTIVITY
MUSHROOMING
This great expansion of industrial research, and the flood of “routine”
technological innovations it produces, have been sufficient, alone, in re-
cent years to boost the rate of rising productivity to the extent that past
notions of what were “normal” productivity increases are already obsolete. Technological improvements of this sort, and on an increasing scale,
can be expected to continue. By themselves, they would pose serious
problems of adjusting our economy so as to provide sufficient purchasing
power to absorb the steadily accelerating flow of goods which can be
produced with every manhour of labor.
Beyond these “routine” technological improvements, however, we are
now confronted with the potentially explosive impact of automation, and
we can be sure that this new technology, too, will grow by leaps and
bounds.
In discussing the rapid advances of technology, David Sarnoff, chairman of the Radio Corporation of America, stated in a pamphlet entitled
ee:
THIS IS THE
a
Se
RESULT
of the Eisenhower Administra-
tion’s farm and general economic
farm machinery.
policies: lots of unsold
the Fabulous Future:
“The quantity of new powers and products and processes at
man’s disposal is important; but even more important is the increasing speed at which these things have come. It is not a case of
UNITED
Page 8
AUTOMOBILE
eee
ec
This argument was apparently first developed by Peter Drucker, forion.
orat
Corp
ors
Mot
ral
Gene
the
to
nt
ulta
cons
a
,
still
aps
perh
and
y,
merl
Because it so conveniently fits management ideology and complacency in the
face of automation, it has been widely accepted and repeatedly parroted by
management spokesmen. It would be comforting, if true.
FACTS
BELIE DRUCKER
THESIS
Unfortunately, however, it is belied by the population and labor force
projections of the Census Bureau. The Bureau’s figures show that if, as
is reasonable to expect, recent trends in labor force participation rates (the
proportions of men and women at various ages who work or seek work)
continue in the years ahead, there will be practically no change from now
to 1965 in the percentage of people working as against those not working; and by 1975, a larger proportion of the population than at present
y
ever
for
,
1955
in
that
w
sho
res
figu
us
cens
The
e.
forc
r
labo
the
in
be
will
100 persons in the labor force, there were 140 persons not working or seeking work. By 1960, the latter group is expected to increase to only 142
for every 100 workers. By 1965, it will be back to 140. By 1975, it will
be down to 136.
Thus, Mr. Drucker’s comforting notion provides us with no
sound basis for ignoring or for failing to prepare to meet the
problems presented by the new technology.
Attempts to minimize the potential impact of automation also take the
form of denials that the rate of advance in productivity is accelerating. Secretary of Labor Mitchell, for example, testified that “the average postwar
gain in productivity does not appear to be extraordinarily high.” Such statements are in conflict both with other government pronouncements and with
official statistics. For example, a pamphlet designed primarily for distribution in other countries rather than the United States by the U. S. Inforin the rate of productivity
mation Service both recognizes the acceleration
advance and quotes with approval a statement that I made, pointing to
the possibility of still further acceleration. This pamphlet says:
‘. . . Output per manhour in the United States increased at an
average of about three per cent per year before World War II.
Since the war it has risen to four per cent. Walter Reuther, vice
president of the American Federation of Labor—Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), has predicted that, spurred by
automation, the annual increase in production ‘may reach five to
six per cent or more . . .
“Already chemical companies, steel mills, manufacturers of
usind
er
oth
of
t
hos
a
and
ts
duc
pro
um
min
alu
os,
radi
s,
bulb
t
ligh
norve
abo
y
atl
gre
ed
spe
a
at
rise
put
out
r
thei
d
che
wat
tries have
mal.”
se
rea
inc
an
w
sho
cs
isti
Stat
or
Lab
of
eau
Bur
the
of
tes
ima
est
ry
ina
lim
Pre
m
fro
cent
per
10
to
ing
unt
amo
s
rie
ust
ind
g
rin
ctu
ufa
man
in
in productivity
6
195
ing
dur
e
anc
adv
ity
tiv
duc
pro
in
own
w-d
slo
d
ege
all
1953 to 1955. The
the
of
ure
fail
the
of
on
ecti
refl
a
,
part
in
and,
sion
illu
cal
isti
is in part a stat
cs
isti
stat
The
.
year
that
ing
dur
e
hav
uld
sho
it
as
fast
as
w
gro
economy to
es,
stri
indu
ain
cert
in
fell
ls
leve
n
tio
duc
pro
that
t
fac
the
by
ted
tor
are dis
man
per
put
out
re
whe
s,
ent
lem
imp
re
ltu
icu
agr
and
es
bil
omo
aut
including
ry
ust
ind
all
for
re
figu
ite
pos
com
the
s
Thu
e.
rag
ave
n
tha
her
hig
is
r
hou
d.
ive
rtl
sho
was
n
tio
rra
abe
cal
isti
stat
this
n
eve
er,
eov
Mor
.
was depressed
Federal
Reserve
Bulletin
for November,
1956, noted that since the
in”
aga
ng
risi
n
bee
has
y
ntl
are
app
r
hou
man
per
t
tpu
“ou
year
the
middle of
proed
rov
imp
and
new
“as
ity
tiv
duc
pro
in
s
gain
r
the
fur
for
and looked
vole
larg
the
of
lt
resu
a
as
ion
rat
ope
into
t
ugh
bro
are
es
ductive faciliti
ume of plant and equipment expenditures.”
orca
s
t
i
f
e
n
e
B
l
a
t
n
e
m
e
l
p
Sup
ae
er
id
ns
co
ll
we
y
ma
nt
me
ve
mo
r
bo
la
the
of
In years to come, historians
in
W
GA
the
of
t
en
hm
is
bl
ta
es
the
d
an
ts
en
em
the winning of SUB agre
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
ve
ti
ec
ll
co
t
an
rt
po
im
st
mo
e
our 1955 negotiations one of th
achievements of all time.
d,
le
el
mp
co
re
we
ns
io
at
or
rp
co
r
jo
ma
For the first time in history,
l
ra
mo
r
ei
th
t
en
em
pl
im
to
d
an
e
iz
gn
co
re
through collective bargaining, to
pt
ce
ac
to
d
an
s,
er
rk
wo
ff
-o
id
la
r
ei
th
for
responsibility to provide income
.
ts
an
pl
r
ei
th
in
nt
me
oy
pl
em
e
iz
il
ab
st
to
ed
il
fa
financial penalties if they
rk
wo
n
ee
tw
be
ce
en
er
ff
di
e
th
g
in
at
in
im
el
We have made a beginning at
ce
ur
so
r
ei
th
om
fr
ce
ti
no
's
nt
me
mo
a
at
off
ers, who hitherto could be cut
nd
la
,
rs
de
ol
kh
oc
st
s,
er
ld
ho
nd
bo
,
es
iv
ut
ec
of livelihood, and corporate ex
lords and
continued
nesses or
of
e
nc
ra
su
as
l
ia
nt
ta
bs
su
d
ha
ys
wa
al
ve
ha
similar groups who
si
bu
r
ei
th
en
wh
en
ev
,
me
ti
of
od
ri
pe
a
for
incomes, at least
e.
idl
ly
te
le
mp
co
re
we
or
ls
ve
le
w
lo
at
g
in
at
properties were oper
udo
ed
pt
ce
ac
ng
lo
r
he
ot
an
t
ns
ai
ag
y
or
ct
vi
r
jo
ma
a
We have thus won
d
an
ty
ri
cu
se
ed
ed
ne
st
mo
o
wh
e
os
th
for
ble standard that meant insecurity
so
In
it.
for
ed
ne
st
lea
the
d
ha
o
wh
e
os
th
a high degree of security for
doing, we have at the
tor to the economy as
provided under them
will reduce the danger
curtailed spending by those laid off, resulting in further curtailment of
spending, and further layoffs, etc.
ROADBLOCK TO RECESSION
As the SUB plans grow to their full stature, they will become a major
_ soadblock on the route to spiraling recession. As such they will bring benefits not only to the workers directly covered by them but to all whose incomes and welfare are jeopardized by economic instability.
Moreover, reactions from abroad make it evident that our vic-
tory in winning these agreements in 1955 has given new heart to
the free trade union movement throughout the world. Our fellow
trade unionists in other nations have been given renewed faith in .
the potentialities of free collective bargaining as a means to winning security and dignity for workers. To the Communists in other
lands, who
feed on the insecurity of workers, these agreements
have meant a new setback. They at first tried to minimize their
significance and then, as a result of the reactions of the rank-andfile workers, were forced, at least verbally, to include the winning
of similar agreements in their own trade union programs.
Historic though they are for the principle involved, our 1955 SUB
agreements require great improvement in their substance if they are to
serve their purposes fully. We were aware of the defects of these agreements while we were negotiating them. But we were realistic enough to
;
9
The
April, 1957
WORKER
fac
g
in
iz
il
ab
st
w
ne
t
an
rt
po
im
an
d
de
ad
me
ti
same
ts
fi
ne
be
the
as
,
ad
re
sp
s
an
pl
B
SU
the
As
e.
a whol
ey
th
,
ng
ni
ai
rg
ba
ve
ti
ec
ll
co
re
tu
fu
in
d
se
ea
cr
in
are
s,
ft
yo
la
of
e
cl
cy
e
th
of,
re
tu
fu
the
in
on
ti
ti
pe
re
of a
e
us
ca
be
fe
wi
his
d
an
er
mb
me
W
UA
ff
d-o
lai
s
face of thi
id
Sa
”
s.
ek
we
n
lea
he
“t
ge
id
br
em
th
lp
he
l
wil
s
ar
extra doll
a
tr
ex
n
tee
fif
en
ev
,
off
d
lai
re
u'
yo
n
he
“W
o:
in
nn
Ma
y
on
Anth
at
th
got
o
in
nn
Ma
e
nc
Si
”
s.
ck
bu
nd
sa
ou
th
a
e
lik
k
loo
dollars
first check in June, 1956, more than $4,874,500 in SUB benethe
by
s
er
mb
me
W
UA
ff
d-o
lai
to
out
id
pa
en
fits have be
companies with which we have SUB agreements.
ing
dur
s
ive
ect
obj
te
ima
ult
our
e
iev
ach
to
e
hop
not
ld
cou
we
t
know tha
d
roa
g
lon
a
e
hav
l
stil
We
.
ter
mat
this
on
ons
ati
oti
neg
of
nd
rou
the first
to
of
on
ati
ent
lem
imp
the
h
wit
ied
isf
sat
be
l
wil
we
ore
bef
,
travel, in fact
other collective bargaining principles which we first established long before our 1955 negotiations.
ucstr
id
sol
a
ld
bui
to
ch
whi
on
is
bas
nd
sou
a
es
vid
pro
n
The foundatio
rs
lme
Cha
isAll
In
ld.
bui
to
un
beg
y
ead
alr
e
hav
we
ture of security and
d;
For
h
wit
d
ate
oti
neg
n
pla
the
on
y
ntl
ica
nif
sig
ed
rov
imp
we
,
ons
negotiati
er
mb
nu
a
in
up
ked
pic
n
bee
e
hav
ts
en
em
ov
pr
im
rs
lme
Cha
and the Allisof other UAW negotiations.
IMPROVEMENTS
But there is
agreements can
be substantially
lengthened from
NEEDED
still much progress to be made before any of our SUB
be described as satisfactory. The benefit payments must
improved. The maximum duration of benefits must be
ed
vid
pro
be
t
mus
n
tio
tec
pro
te
ua
eq
Ad
ks.
wee
52
to
26
against short work weeks.
Eligibility provisions must be considerably lib-
for
ied
lif
qua
dis
s
ker
wor
t
tha
r,
ula
tic
par
in
e,
vid
eralized and must pro
be
l
wil
s
law
te
sta
the
of
s
ion
vis
pro
ve
cti
tri
res
uly
und
er
und
ts
efi
state ben
ed
cat
pli
com
y
ssl
dle
nee
e
Th
ds.
fun
st
tru
the
of
out
ts
efi
ben
l
ful
ir
paid the
rethe
ze
mi
ni
mi
to
as
so
d
fie
pli
sim
be
t
administrative procedures mus
rds
boa
nt
joi
the
of
rs
we
po
e
Th
.
ker
wor
the
on
ced
pla
w
no
en
rd
bu
porting
of administration must be enlarged.
x
ple
com
y
ssl
dle
nee
the
fy
pli
sim
to
ble
ira
des
be
ld
In addition, it wou
idift
less
e
hav
l
wil
s
ker
wor
t
tha
so
s
ent
eem
agr
t
sen
language of the pre
t
tha
es
iti
cal
hni
tec
of
t
hos
a
ate
min
eli
to
and
m;
the
g
din
tan
culty in unders
ns.
pla
the
of
on
ati
str
ini
adm
the
in
ms
ble
pro
to
now give rise
adur
d
an
t
efi
ben
the
of
t
en
em
ov
pr
im
l
ia
nt
ta
bs
The basis for su
in
sts
exi
y
ad
re
al
ts
en
em
re
ag
B
SU
t
en
es
pr
our
tion provisions of
ati
go
ne
ng
ri
Du
ns.
pla
e
os
th
of
ns
io
is
ov
pr
g
in
nc
na
the present fi
rpa
im
an
of
nt
me
dg
ju
the
to
it
bm
su
to
d
re
tions with Ford we offe
ch
me
g
in
nc
na
fi
the
not
or
r
he
et
wh
of
on
ti
tial arbitrator the ques
We
ts.
efi
ben
of
el
lev
er
gh
hi
a
t
or
pp
su
d
ul
anism of the plan wo
in
ly
ve
si
lu
nc
co
e
at
tr
ns
mo
de
to
e
abl
be
l
wil
are confident that we
1958 that it can.
Page
12
UNITED
AUTOMOBILE
Since 1955 the number of separate UAW pension plans has nearly
doubled. From a total of 260 such plans in February, 1955, the number
had grown to approximately 500 by February, 1957. The growth in the
number of workers covered was less spectacular—from approximately
1,100,000 in 1955 to 1,250,000 in 1957. What is more significant in these
figures, however, is the indication that pension plans are becoming common not only in large scale enterprises but also in firms with fewer than
100 employes. And with the notable exception of the new plans in the
aircraft industry, most of the growth has come from new plans in the
smaller establishments and the addition of approximately 75 small companies as participants in the previously established multi-employer area
plans. There are now about 200 different employers signed up in these
area plans.
EXISTING
PLANS
WORKER
April,
1957
of those members who are now retired, it is estimated that a total of more
than $490 million will be paid as benefits to them from these funds.
We in the UAW can be proud of our contribution to the security and the happiness and dignity that tens of thousands of our
retired workers are presently enjoying. Because of the efforts of
our Union, tens of thousands of other workers who will be reach-
ing retirement age in the near future can look forward to living
out the autumn of their lives without fear and uncertainty. While
IMPROVED
These two years past also proved to be a period of marked improvement for the already existing UAW-negotiated pension plans. The most
important of these gains, which were won for previously retired workers
as well as those who would retire in the future, included the following
provisions:
1. Improved benefit formula raising the typical normal retirement
benefit from
to $2.25
$1.75
and the disability benefit from
year of service.
2. Removal of the 30-year limit on
3. Deferred vested pension rights
their jobs after age 40 with 10
age 30.
These
improvements,
when
for each year of service
per month
$3.00 to $4.50 per month per
credited service.
at age 65 for workers leaving
or more years of service after
taken with
Social
Security,
make
a monthly income of $230 or more for an elderly couple.
RETIRED
MEMBERS
ON
CURRENT
PENSION
possible
ROLLS
By February of 1957 the total of workers retired under UAW-negotiated pension plans had reached 77,000. Of this number, approximately
64,800
were
still living and
drawing
benefits.
Most
of these—56,300,
or
86.9 per cent—were normal retirements after age 65. An additional 3,800
between ages 60 and 65 were drawing early retirement benefits and approximately 4,700 below age 65 were beneficiaries who had retired because
of permanent and total disability.
z
NUMBER OF WORKERS CURRENTLY DRAWING BENEFITS
UNDER UAW-NEGOTIATED PENSION PLANS’ AND
TOTAL NUMBER RETIRED TO DATE AS
OF FEBRUARY 1, 1957
Normal
Retirement
Early
Retirement
Ametican Motors....................
Bendix Aviation .....................
Budd of Detrou:
2,193
665
301
432
14
4
95
21
8
2,720
700
312
Chase Brass & Coppet............
410
a2
20
452
Employer
Catetpillar Tractor...
Chrysler
Electric. Autor Lite. «icc
455
4,702
564
ay 11,021
a
Ve te
724
Vorr 6. (20004...
General Motors.........--...-------- 13,329
International Harvester... 1,883
351
te
Kaiser MiGiocs......
Kaiser. Willys. oo
Glew
L. Martin.
3
i.
.
Scoville Manufacturing .........
Studebaker-Packard...............
796
116
328
2,505
3
138
24
187
9
1,020
63
34
69
0
12
241
Disability
Retirement
44
333
75
Total
502
§,173
663
$31
12,039
17
882
16
1,493
233
4
5
>
168
40,343
2,271
3,368
127
345
2,914
45,982
Estimated Total Currently
Drawing Benefits Under
All UAW Plans (Includene)
Estimated Deaths and Other
Terminations Under All
56,300
3,800
4,700
64,800
11,300
400
500
12,200
2 / 1 A 57 Under All Plans....... 67,600
4,200
5,200
77,000
Pigs to 2/1/57 oS
Estimated Total Retired to
According to estimates of the UAW
number of living retired members will
diate future at a rate of approximately
projections, therefore, we can anticipate
bers by the end of this year and as many
our progress has been great, we need to realize that we have made
, but a beginning and that there is still much to be done before we
have provided retired workers with all the benefits and protections
to which
they are entitled, and which
makes possible.
We
our productive
economy
need to increase the level of benefits, to liberalize the eligibility
rules, to increase vesting rights and to facilitate their transfer when a work-er changes jobs and, perhaps most of all, we must make provisions to pro-
vide fully-paid comprehensive hospital and medical care for retired workers either at the bargaining table or through appropriate changes in the
Social Security law.
749
15,842
2,179
389
Number Currently Drawing
Benefits Under Above
een
ee Ee
ie
THIS RETIREE is preparing to show a film to fellow
pensioners at a UAW Activities Center for Retired Workers. Union is now planning an even more ambitious program for retirees.
Social Security Department, the
continue to increase in the imme1,000 per month. Based on these
about 75,000 living retired memas 90,000 at the time of our 1959
Convention.
es
erv
res
es,
ire
ret
ure
fut
and
t
sen
pre
of
hts
rig
t
efi
ben
To guarantee the
esti
ly
ive
vat
ser
con
are
ch
whi
ds
fun
st
tru
n
sio
pen
our
are accumulating in
mes
eti
lif
the
ing
Dur
n.
lio
bil
1
$1.
of
ess
exc
in
ued
val
ets
ass
d
hol
to
mated
At the last Convention, I advised the delegates that the International
Union would develop a program for retired workers and would submit
such a program to the 1957 Convention for consideration and action. We
are now
prepared to do this.
Our program is the result of a joint effort of the International Union
in cooperation with a National Public Advisory Committee which the International Union created, composed of leading people in this field from
throughout the United States.
The Public Advisory Committee was extremely helpful in working out
the broad outlines of the program which we shall submit to the Conven-
tion. A number of important political
shaped our basic recommendations:
and
philosophical
considerations
1. We felt that it was not enough in itself to provide a retired
worker with economic security at the end of a useful and productive life. We believe that it is equally important for a retired worker to continue to have the sense of worth and dignity which alone is
possible if he is able to live under circumstances where he is a useful
and an accepted part of the community.
2. We believe that our program for retired workers should be
worked out as a part of a broad community program and not as a
narrow trade union program. In effect, this means that our Union
at both the local and International level will be committed to working with other groups in the community in trying to develop community-wide programs available to all retired people.
3. We shall recommend the development of pre-retirement
educational programs so that we can begin to prepare workers for
the change that retirement will bring into their lives so that they
April,
UNITED
1957
cepts and human values. Only thus can we square American democracy’s
practical performance with its noble promises in the field of race relations. Only thus shall we be able and worthy to contribute to moral
leadership in the free world.
collective bargaining negotiations in the United States, Canada and Mexico.
Within the UAW itself, the sense of solidarity, the profound feeling
of trade union friendship our members feel for their fellow workers elsewhere in the world have been manifest in many ways: the interest shown
in summer
IN ICFTU
PARTICIPATION
to its membership and to all people who
The obligation of the UAW
seek a peaceful world cannot, however, be discharged alone by urging acomrec
our
te
ria
rop
app
r
eve
How
ts.
men
ern
gov
e
tiv
pec
res
our
on
tion
l
wel
as
s
ion
act
our
by
ves
sel
our
t
mus
we
s,
ner
ear
e
wag
as
are,
s
mendation
to
on
oti
dev
our
te
tra
ons
dem
ns
tio
olu
res
and
ons
ati
end
omm
as by our rec
we
,
son
rea
this
For
m.
edo
fre
e
uin
gen
and
ice
just
ic
social and econom
have given continued and steadfast support to all labor’s efforts on the
of
ng
ndi
fou
the
in
nts
ipa
tic
par
e
wer
We
e.
scen
on
uni
de
tra
l
ona
ati
ern
int
;
:
the International
;
»
Confederation
of Free Trade
:
Unions
to which we
are >
the AFL-CIO. The ICFTU is today a world-wide
embracing 56 million members of the free trade
countries throughout the world. Through it, the
countries, the unions which have dealt decisively
affiliated today through
federation of free labor
unions in more than 83
unions in the developed
and
aid
e
vid
pro
,
nt
me
ve
mo
or
lab
e
fre
the
to
eat
thr
t
with the Communis
d
age
eng
ly
ive
act
or
ons
uni
ir
the
ng
ldi
bui
l
stil
reinforcement to workers
in combating the Communist threat to their own existence.
s
nd
bo
nal
ter
fra
t
ses
clo
and
t
es
rm
wa
the
by
d
un
bo
o
als
The UAW is
zaani
org
er
mb
me
e
os
wh
on
ti
ra
de
Fe
s’
er
rk
Wo
to the International Metal
Page 33
WORKER
AUTOMOBILE
school and winter institute programs
on international affairs;
contributions for specific overseas projects made by UAW local unions;
and the extraordinary interest shown in the ICFTU, particularly by our
Canadian locals, which has extended to a monthly allocation to the
ICFTU by many locals.
Most inspiring, however, was the almost spontaneous demonstration
of solidarity that took place in many of our plants during the Hungarian
uprising out of which came more than $80,000 in individual contributions
for aid to these victims.
The International Affairs Department of the Union during the last
year has worked effectively under the direction of Victor Reuther, who
himself contributed notably to our program by his representation of the
at numerous international labor conferences, and his first-hand re-
UAW
ports from the Hungarian border and in Austria during the tense and
confused days when the Hungarian uprising was ablaze.
Our Union is pledged to continue its deep interest and active concern
in the critical events developing throughout the world which have so
great a bearing on the well-being of our own membership and on the
eventual fulfillment of the longing of all people for a just and lasting
peace.
imm
far
ft,
cra
air
,
ve
ti
mo
to
au
the
in
s
er
rk
wo
n
tions include seven millio
hug
ro
th
rds
pya
shi
and
s
rie
ust
ind
el
ste
and
ion
plement, machine construct
out the world.
WORLD’S AUTO WORKERS
CONFER
ve
ti
mo
to
au
d
rl
wo
the
in
e
rol
p
shi
der
lea
s
W’
UA
the
of
on
In recogniti
erInt
the
of
on
isi
Div
ve
ti
mo
to
Au
the
of
ent
industry, I was elected presid
pri
en
giv
n
bee
has
n
io
Un
our
and
n,
tio
national Metal Workers’ Federa
de
wi
drl
wo
of
t
en
pm
lo
ve
de
the
in
p
shi
der
lea
for
mary responsibility
ve
ti
mo
to
au
the
in
s
ion
dit
con
g
in
rk
wo
and
rs,
hou
es,
standards for wag
in
ted
ipa
tic
par
tes
ega
del
W
UA
6,
195
of
y
Ma
In
s.
rie
ust
ind
and related
of
on
isi
Div
ve
ti
mo
to
Au
the
by
led
cal
,
nce
Fra
is,
Par
in
ld
he
a conference
le
bi
mo
to
au
om
fr
s
te
ga
le
De
n.
tio
era
Fed
s’
er
rk
Wo
l
ta
Me
l
ona
the Internati
and
ce
en
er
nf
co
s
thi
in
ted
ipa
tic
par
d
rl
wo
e
fre
the
ut
ho
ug
ro
th
plants
jointly discussed common problems of wages, hours, working conditions,
st.
ere
int
on
mm
co
of
s
ter
mat
er
oth
and
k,
wee
rk
wo
rt
automation, sho
d
rie
car
d
rl
wo
the
of
rs
pe
pa
ws
ne
the
n,
sio
ses
in
was
ce
en
er
While the conf
mCo
r
to
Mo
rd
da
an
St
the
at
off
lay
on
ti
ma
to
au
an
of
ort
rep
ng
ni
un
the st
pany in England. “First Full Robot Blow,” the British papers said as
2,640 were sacked. At the same time, equally significant reports came in
with less dramatic headlines reporting world-wide shifts in automobile
production.
To meet these and similar developments which could profoundly
affect the wages and working conditions of workers everywhere in the
world,
including
our
own
in the U.
S. and
Canada,
Automotive Conference took the following action:
the IMF
Kk
BS
ae
THE WORLD OVER, workers ask for the same things
these UAW International Harvester strikers asked for: a
chance for a higher standard of living, a reasonable work
load, a share in the gains of improving technology.
World
1. Created world councils for Ford and General Motors worker representatives to enable workers in these giant corporations to coordinate
their collective bargaining efforts:
2.
Set in motion
plans
to conduct
world-wide
activities designed
to
secure a shorter work week in the automotive industry;
ers
sum
con
and
s
ker
wor
our
t
tec
pro
to
m
gra
pro
ve
iti
pos
a
ed
3. Approv
from the impact of automation and to assure more equitable distribution
of its benefits:
4, Authorized the establishment of more frequent and closer contact
among
automotive
AUTOMOTIVE
in the various countries.
workers
FIRMS
EXPAND
On our own side of the Atlantic, we note with considerable interest
the rapid expansion of automotive firms, both U. S. and European, in
Mexico and other Latin American countries. Technology, as it has evolved
in the U. S. and Canada, transplanted to Latin America and to the underdeveloped countries of Africa and Asia, can exert a powerful upward
leverage on living standards providing its introduction is accompanied by
safeguarding Union contracts with their beneficial higher wages and
higher purchasing power. While our Union enjoys the most cordial relations with metal worker organizations throughout the Americas, we are
especially pleased with the close ties between the UAW and the CIM
of Mexico. This friendly relationship has been increasing over the years
as a result of fraternal representations at conventions and the exchange
of worker delegations from our respective automotive industries.
On March 8, 1957, the International Executive Board invited the CTM
to create a joint UAW-CTM
Automotive Committee, to help coordinate
The
UAW
Veterans’
Department
has,
since
the
last
Convention,
worked on a continuing veterans program to benefit UAW members and
all American citizens who have served in the Armed Forces.
Since a large segment of the American population is made up of veterans and their dependents, and because approximately 35 per cent of the
UAW
membership
are veterans, our Department has endeavored to put
forth the type of information that would be of benefit to all veterans by
preparing bulletins and memorandums and transmitting them to all UAW
local unions concerning benefits available to veterans under federal and
state
veterans
laws.
We
feel
that
through
these
periodic
releases
our
veteran members are as well informed regarding their entitlements as any
other group similarly situated.
The UAW Veterans Department, under the direction of Secretary- Treasurer Emil Mazey, has worked in close cooperation with
the various veterans organizations and the AFL-CIO Veterans
Affairs Committee, not only to protect the gains made over the
years for veterans, but has strived to obtain the benefits as outlined in the veterans resolution adopted at the Fifteenth UAW
Convention by submitting proposed bills to the various committees of Congress.
The Department, guided by resolutions from the UAW conventions,
will continue to support all legislative proposals which will benefit not
only our war veteran population, but all other citizens as well.
UNITED
Page 34
AUTOMOBILE
April, 1957
WORKER
offers some hope of progress in dealing
with these problems.
I am encouraged by the growing realization
that the whole labor movement transcends in
importance the more limited interest of any
segment of the labor movement and that in
truth,
each
part of the Jabor movement
can
share in greater progress only as the whole
labor movement moves ahead together.
During the first year, I have had an opportunity to work closely with President George
Meany and others in the top leadership of the
AFL-CIO, and I am able to report that we are
learning to know each other and learning to
work together in a gleveloping cooperative
relationship. I think it is an objective evaluation to say that in broad balance the first
year of the united labor movement has been
on the plus side.
ONE OF THE HIGHLIGHTS of the UAW’s 1956 Edu-
cation Conference in Washington was this recitation of the
Union’s historic 20-year struggle for social and economic
justice.
A
survey
by our Women’s
conducted
Department
shows
that the
number of UAW, women members is considerably higher than the 175,000
reported at our last Convention. This same survey, to which 1,019 local
casifi
clas
all
ost
alm
in
g
kin
wor
are
en
wom
that
ws
sho
,
ded
pon
res
ons
uni
tions, but with the greatest concentration in inspection, production, assembly and machine work.
The UAW has steadfastly applied to women workers, as well as all
ng
iti
hib
pro
es
dat
man
n
tio
ven
con
and
s
tee
ran
gua
al
ion
tut
sti
con
our
rs,
othe
al
ion
nat
or
race
d,
cree
r,
colo
sex,
for
r
the
whe
d,
kin
any
of
discrimination
origin.
lt
resu
the
had
has
icy
pol
this
of
on
ati
lic
app
firm
and
n
eve
The
of giving our women
workers
security and confidence.
However, the survey
a sense of full participation, partnership,
referred to above showed
that our knottiest
of
ter
mat
the
is
on,
ati
min
cri
dis
of
as
are
er
oth
in
as
a,
are
s
thi
in
m
proble
ore
bef
er
oy
pl
em
the
by
n
io
at
in
im
cr
is
—d
te
ga
ing
hir
the
at
on
discriminati
of
n
tio
tec
pro
the
er
und
s
me
co
and
er
mb
me
n
io
Un
a
s
me
the worker beco
the Union’s
contracts
and
Constitution.
THE GROWTH OF THE UAW during the past seven
years alone, and the multiplicity of its present functions
and services to the membership have
build additional floors on top of the
Solidarity House, UAW International
ing in Detroit. Construction is still in
made it necessary to
present three-story
headquarters buildprogress.
of
ce
an
rt
po
im
the
of
on
iti
ogn
rec
in
,
on
ti
en
nv
Co
Since the last
aern
Int
the
s,
er
mb
me
W
UA
n
me
wo
g
on
am
ne
the work to be do
Bus
n’
me
Wo
the
ly
er
rm
fo
was
at
wh
de
ma
d
ar
Bo
tional Executive
reau into the Women’s Department, accompanied by a much-needed increase in staff.
In many
different fields of Union
endeavor, the increasing weight of
e
mor
this
is
e
er
wh
No
e.
mor
and
e
mor
felt
ng
bei
is
s
tie
women’s activi
the
in
ted
tra
ons
dem
y
arl
cle
was
s
Thi
.
ion
act
cal
iti
pol
evident than in
n
me
wo
of
n
tio
ipa
tic
par
her
hig
a
was
re
the
n
whe
on,
cti
ele
al
last nation
,
gly
sin
rea
Inc
.
ore
bef
r
eve
n
tha
s,
ber
mem
n
me
wo
W
voters, including UA
W
UA
s
lve
mse
the
are
who
n
me
wo
and
s
er
mb
me
W
UA
the wives of
ms
ble
pro
old
seh
hou
ir
the
n
wee
bet
hip
ons
ati
rel
ect
dir
the
members realize
to
as
s
er
mb
me
n
me
wo
of
ess
ren
awa
g
win
gro
The
and the voting booth.
is
on
Uni
the
ch
whi
in
d
fiel
a
is
ns
ize
cit
ing
vot
as
ies
their rights and dut
continuing to work with more and mote results.
During the two years since the Fifteenth
the UAW has vigorously pursued its task of
in our industries. The result has been that,
1956 and some impact on employment from
Constitutional Convention,
organizing the unorganized
in spite of heavy layoffs in
spreading automation and
in
own
our
d
ine
nta
mai
than
e
mor
have
we
,
nces
adva
l
gica
nolo
tech
r
othe
total membership.
Currently, a conservative estimate of the total UAW membership in good standing is in excess of 1,500,000.
colwon
W
UA
the
7,
195
31,
y
uar
Jan
and
5,
195
1,
ry
rua
Feb
n
Betwee
ible
elig
of
ber
num
l
tota
The
ts.
plan
468
in
ts
righ
g
nin
gai
bar
lective
.
424
64,
was
,
held
e
wer
ons
cti
ele
the
e
tim
the
at
,
nts
pla
se
the
in
voters
at
gre
a
e
uir
req
l
wil
it
and
t,
men
tru
ins
t
fec
per
a
The AFL-CIO is not
on
mm
co
of
e
ur
as
me
ge
lar
a
and
g
in
nd
ta
rs
de
deal of good will and un
the
ore
bef
p
shi
der
lea
the
of
t
par
the
on
n
dedication and determinatio
.
nt
me
ve
mo
or
lab
ted
uni
a
of
its
fru
the
e
liz
rea
ly
ful
can
American workers
enth
bo
th
wi
led
fil
s
wa
,
ed
ct
pe
ex
be
d
ul
co
as
r,
yea
st
The fir
we
s
er
tt
ma
me
so
On
.
ts
en
pm
lo
ve
de
g
in
nt
oi
pp
sa
di
couraging and
unthe
ng
zi
ni
ga
or
as
ch
su
,
ers
oth
On
.
ss
re
og
pr
g
in
ag
made encour
dis
s
wa
ss
re
og
pr
our
,
cts
fli
con
al
on
ti
ic
sd
ri
ju
g
in
lv
so
organized and
appointingly slow.
Recent discussions, however, on jurisdictional
h
ic
wh
t,
hea
s
les
d
an
ht
lig
re
mo
p
lo
ve
de
to
ed
problems have seem
inhas
ure
fig
this
that
tes
ima
est
t
men
art
Dep
ps
Sho
ve
iti
pet
Com
The
ion
ans
exp
of
lt
resu
a
as
won
was
on
iti
ogn
rec
e
sinc
cent
per
25
creased by
e
spit
in
and
face
the
in
ed
iev
ach
n
bee
has
ord
rec
s
Thi
e.
forc
of the work
art
t-H
Taf
the
of
s
ion
vis
pro
the
on,
ati
str
ini
Adm
n
ica
ubl
Rep
e
of a hostil
of
e
sag
pas
the
rd,
Boa
ons
ati
Rel
or
Lab
al
ion
Nat
r
abo
i-l
ant
an
,
ley Act
anti-labor laws in a number of states and a mounting campaign by proof
e
mat
cli
r
abo
i-l
ant
l
ica
ter
hys
a
ate
cre
to
ing
try
ers
bait
fessional labor
public opinion.
The average number of dues-paying members for the 25-month period
from December,
1954, through
December,
1956—upon
which the allo-
com
s
Thi
.
591
71,
1,2
was
ed—
bas
is
n
tio
ven
Con
this
to
tes
ega
del
of
ion
cat
r
ila
sim
the
for
p
shi
ber
mem
ng
ayi
s-p
due
e
rag
ave
685
31,
1,3
pares to
period preceding the last Convention.
When there is added to the current membership figure those members
g
udin
incl
,
dues
of
t
men
pay
from
d
ate
ner
exo
are
who
ding
in good stan
rfeare
who
e
thos
and
od
peri
this
ng
duri
off
laid
e
thos
ke,
stri
workers on
tired, the total comes to well above 1,500,000.
WORKER
AUTOMOBILE
UNITED
April,
1957
L
L
a
n
e
tion, Secretary-Treasurer Emil Mazey advised all local unions of the recommendation of the Rank-and-File Advisory Committee.
The following is the text of Brother Mazey’s letter:
“December 6, 1956
“Greetings:
“The International Executive Board, after receiving a recommendation from a Rank-and-File Advisory Committee on Long
Range Financial Needs of our Union, voted unanimously to recommend a fifty cent (50c) per month increase in dues to the Sixteenth Constitutional Convention of the UAW to be held in Atlantic City beginning April 7, 1957.
“The 50-cent dues adjustment is to be divided equally between
the local union and the International Union. The proposed 50cent per month adjustment in dues is to be in addition to any dues
currently being paid by the members of our local unions. The International Executive Board will recommend that the proposed adjustment in dues become effective in the month of June, 1957.
“Thirteen (13) members of the Advisory Committee recommended a 50-cent per month dues adjustment; seven (7) recommended $1.00; and one (1) believed there should be an adjustment
but did not specify how much he thought it ought to be.
HISTORIC 1955 negotiations (above and right) brought
UAW members an economic package which exceeded 20
cents an hour, and established principle of the Guaranteed
Annual Wage.
EMERGENCY
Your International Officers have administered the affairs of your Unever mindful that the cost of
ion with a clear sense of responsibility,
operating the Union is paid for out of the pockets of the rank-and-file
members of our Union. We are continually reviewing our expenditures
in an effort to economize and find more efficient, ways of conducting the
work of the Union.
At the present time, we are making a further study in an effort to still
further tighten up our operations and reduce expenditures. However,
despite this continuing effort to economize, the cost of conducting the
essential activities of the International Union and the local unions has
continued to reflect the increase in cost that every family has experienced.
Just as the cost of living for a family has gone up in the past years, the
cost of operating a union has gone up in the same period. The cost of
rent, telephones, telegrams,
printing, transportation,
cost of salaries for
office personnel—all of these items make up the operating budget of the
Union just as many of these items make up the family budget of the
average UAW
member,
the difference being, however, that most UAW
members have received each quarter a cost-of-living adjustment in their
wages to offset their increased cost of living, while the Union has had no
increase in its income for the present $2.50 per month dues was fixed and
has not been changed since 1951.
At the last Convention at which time this matter was discussed by the
delegates, I advised the Convention that the International Union would
create a Special Rank-and-File Advisory Committee and that this Committee would be asked to study the financial needs of the Union and make
recommendations on how best the Union could meet its financial needs.
This Special Rank-and-File Advisory Committee was created and after
studying the problem, it recommended that the dues of $2.50 should be
increased to $3.00 per month with the additional
50 cents being shared
equally by the International Union and the local unions.
The
International
Executive
Board
accepted
the recommendation
of
the Special Advisory Committee and the recommendation will be sub-
mitted to this Convention for consideration and action. Following the re-
ceipt of the recommendation of the Special Advisory Committee and the
action of the International Executive Board
accepting this recommenda-
STRIKE
AID
PROGRAM
“The Advisory Committee unanimously recommended, and the
International Executive Board unanimously agreed to the development of an Emergency Strike Aid Program which would go into
effect in the event the Union was actually on strike in 1958 in an
effort to establish a collective bargaining pattern for that year.
“The Emergency Strike Aid Program would be considered at
a Special Convention of the Union to be held in January or February of 1958 which would be called for the purpose of mobilizing
the full strength of the Union in formulating and implementing
1958 collective bargaining demands.
“The Advisory Committee on union finances voted unanimously
to recommend to the Convention that commencing in 1958 strike
aid be on the basis of ‘right’ instead of on the basis of ‘need.’
NEED FOR MORE INCOME
“The decision to seek a 50-cent a month adjustment in dues
was reached after a careful analysis of the financial needs of our
local unions and the International Union. The last adjustment in
dues took place in 1951, almost six years ago. During this period,
the cost of operating local unions and the International Union has
increased tremendously.
“The need for additional revenue to operate our local unions
was vividly brought to the attention of the committee by the results of a survey that showed that two hundred seventy-nine (279)
local unions have dues in excess of $2.50 per month.
(Local un-
ions have the authority of increasing their dues under the pro-
visions of Article 45 of the International Constitution.)
At this
time, twenty-one (21) locals have dues of $2.75 per month; one
hundred thirty-eight (138) have dues of $3.00; ten (10) have dues
of $3.25; eighty-five (85) have. dues of $3.50; five (5) have dues
of $3.75; thirteen (13) have dues of $4.00; one (1). has $4.25; four
(4) have $4.50; and two (2) have $5.00.
COMPARISON
OF DUES
WITH
OTHER
UNIONS
“The proposed 50-cent per month dues increase will keep dues
of UAW members among the lowest of any union in America. The
following is a summary of dues paid by workers who are members of other unions:
Union
Monthly Dues
$5.00
Steelworkers
Rubber Workers _ 3.00 to $4.50
4.25
Mine Workers
4.00
IAM
Teamsters
5.00 (Detroit)
3.00
IUE
4.00 minimum
IBEW
International
Union
Local Union
$2.90
1.i3
2.00
2.00
$2.50
.60 Strike Fund
1.25
.50 Strike Fund
1.50
2.30
oD Strike Fund
Distric
$1.00
UNITED
Page 36
oe
CARTER
COST OF DUES INCREASE
“The 50-cent per month dues increase will cost each member
less than one-third of one cent per hour; 114% cents per week, or
Urea Ce ers
by the payment
of 50 cents
in additional
per month
dues out of
the tremendous economic benefits won for him by his Union since
the last dues adjustment in 1951.
“A study of our financial gains since 1951 discloses that the
Union on the average has won 51 cents an hour in wage increases,
plus an additional 20 cents in fringe benefits, or a total gain of 71
cents per hour. For each additional penny that our members will
pay in dues, as a result of the 50-cent monthly adjustment that will
to the next Convention,
be recommended
are cut-
our members
rently receiving 213 cents in economic benefits that have been won
since the last dues adjustment in 1951.
WHO WILL MAKE DECISION TO ADJUST DUES
“Under the provisions of our Constitution, the proposed 50cent per month adjustment in dues must be approved by the democratically elected delegates to our Sixteenth Constitutional Convention that will meet in Atlantic City commencing April 7, 1957.
“I strongly urge you to bring this matter to the attention of
the membership and leadership of your local union so that we may
collectively develop. a program that can meet the financial needs
of our local unions and the International Uftion.
“Fraternally yours,
ce
mua
$6.00 per year.
UNION GAINS SINCE LAST DUES ADJUSTMENT
“Every member of our Union can afford to strengthen the
financial position of his local union and the International Union
KERRIGAN
JOHNSTON
GERBER
COTE
in the leadership—solidarity
‘PEAMWORK
in the
ranks has been the key to continued UAW successes
for the last ten years.
During the 1955 basic collective bargaining negotiations, we had an opportunity to demonstrate how solidar-
ity in the ranks and teamwork in the leadership pays off
at the bargaining table. I have said many times that there
is no power in the world that can stop the forward march
of free men united in common dedication in pursuit of
common objectives and common ideals. This spirit has
been the source of power and the motivation of our
Union.
the AFL-CIO
Just before
cember
mously
of
1955,
the CIO
recommended
and
Merger
Executive
AFL
Convention
Committee
members of
in De-
unani-
the Unity
Subcommittee unanimously approved the selection of then
UAW Vice President John W Livingston to fill the important post of Director of Organization for the merged
organization.
I announced Vice President Livingston’s selection in a
public statement at the tume with “a combination of pride
and reluctance.”
McAULAY
memes
BURT
2
BIOLETTI
1957
“It is an honor to the UAW that Jack Livingston
is the unanimous choice of both the CIO and AFL
for this important post in the new organization.
as ie
BERNDT
BALLARD
April,
WORKER
a I
FES
MERE:
AUTOMOBILE
At the same time, it is with reluctance that the
UAW-CIO releases a man who has, for such a long
time, served the UAW so well and with such dedi-
cation to the principles for which we stand.”
“EMIL MAZEY
“Secretary-Treasurer’
The UAW International Executive Board unanimously
affirmed these sentiments in a formal resolution.
i.
Shortly after the Merger Convention, the International
Executive Board, as authorized and directed by the International
Union
Constitution,
then Director of UAW
selected Pat Greathouse,
Region 4, to succeed Livingston.
The Board’s action was unanimous.
Brother Greathouse has fulfilled the Board’s vote of
Ten members of our’staff have passed on since our last Convention.
f
grie
the
e
shar
we
and
ly
sore
us
ved
grie
has
m
the
of
each
of
h
deat
The
of their families at their loss. — .
Three of them I ‘would like to mention specifically because of my
by
d
oye
enj
on
ati
oci
ass
an
m,
the
of
ach
h-e
wit
on
ati
oci
ass
al
son
per
long
many of our other officers and members as well.
Tony
(3
Stromar,
administrative assistant
to Secretary-Treasurer
Emil
a
was
th,
dea
his
of
e
tim
the
at
age
of
rs
yea
42
y
onl
gh
hou
alt
ey,
Maz
UAW veteran. With a few other courageous and bold pioneers, he led
ypan
com
y
all
gin
ori
an
of
out
s
ker
wor
k
Par
nd
hla
Hig
er
ysl
Chr
low
fel
his
was
he
and
7,
193
ly
ear
in
W
UA
ing
dgl
fle
n
the
the
o
int
on
Uni
ed
foster
r.
yea
t
tha
er
lat
ike
str
er
ysl
Chr
ic
tor
his
the
in
rs
ike
str
n
dow
sit
one of the
Losing Tony was more than losing a devoted, trusted and competent associate. It was more like losing a member of our own family.
Joe Sayen, who started persuading workers to join the UAW almost
had
he
day
the
to
lly
tua
vir
g
zin
ani
org
still
was
W,
UA
a
was
before there
6
193
in
ns
dow
sit
t
Flin
the
of
s
day
is
cris
the
ing
Dur
ck.
atta
t
a fatal hear
at
ce
fen
a
ng
nti
Mou
e.
ubl
tro
was
re
the
e
her
ryw
eve
was
and 1937, Joe
the height of an attack by police. Sayen called, “We have only one life to
give
for our
Union.”
His cry became
the battle cry of the workers
massed there and it was their spirit which carried the day.
Nick Dragon was one of several workers fired by Dodge in the fall of
1936 tor union-organizing activity. The victims were reinstated due to
nbegi
the
was
That
ke.
stri
of
at
thre
the
and
on
Uni
the
of
sure
pres
the
its
hed
reac
h
whic
sler
Chry
in
e
driv
g
zin
ani
org
ul
essf
succ
the
of
ning
life,
his
of
s
year
15
last
the
ing
Dur
.
1937
in
ke
stri
own
sitd
the
in
climax
Dragon
was a staff member at various times of the UAW,
confidence and trust by. executing with vigor, efficiency
and integrity the duties he assuméd as Livingston's sucoles lela
LA
cessor.
It is a tribute to the UAW’s firm foundation in education and understanding of forward-looking trade union
principles that younger men are available to step up when
any one of our officers is called to higher and more te-
sponsible positions without any interruption in the continuity of leadership responsibilities.
I want to thank Secretary-Treasurer Emil Mazey,
Vice Presidents Richard Gosser, Norman Matthews, Leonard Woodcock and Pat Greathouse
and former Vice President Jack Livingston and all
the members of the International Executive Board
for their cooperation, their hours of hard work—
many of them above and beyond the call of duty
_ —and their selfless devotion to union principles.
I want also to express my sincere appreciation to the
thousands in local union leadership and the rank-and-file
members of our Union who have given to their Union
dedicated service and solid support as we have worked
together to move forward.
With sincere and fraternal good wishes to all members of the UAW and their families, this report is
Respectfully submitted,
Louis Didisse, Philip Freedman, Frank Rusch and Arthur Peth.
ROBINSON
beat
the CIO and
the AFL-CIO and gave to the American labor movement both loyalty
and dedication that will keep his memory with us for many years.
The other staff members who have died since our last Convention who
also made important contributions to our Union and whose contributions
omem
r
thei
ish
cher
we
as
te
ecia
appr
to
inue
cont
l
shal
we
ip
ndsh
and frie
kes,
Broo
man
Nor
n,
age
Loh
k
eric
Fred
,
eal
Odn
J.
el
Dani
ude:
ries, incl
MORRIS
(Note:
Automobile
The material in this edition of The United
Worker.
is a condensation
of President
Reuther’s full report presented this month to delegates
to the Sixteenth Constitutional Convention in Atlantic
City and to all local unions. The full report also contained accounts of the activities of all UAW councils
|
and departments.) ©
SEATON
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