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President Lyndon B. Johnson, correspondence
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President Lyndon B. Johnson, correspondence
-
box: 368
folder: 13
-
1963 to 1965
-
THE
VITAL ALLIANCE
Remarks of the President
at the Ceremony
Commemorating the
Fourth Anniversary
of the
Alliance for Progress —
THE
VITAL
ALLIANCE
Remarks of the President
at the Ceremony
Commemorating the
Fourth Anniversary
of the
Alliance for Progress
Four years ago, this hemisphere embarked upon a great
adventure—the greatest perhaps since a unknown Italian
mariner touched these shores almost five centuries ago.
It was nothing less than to transform the life of an entire
continent.
It was to reach into the home and the villages of more than
200 million people, touching each with great hope and
expectation.
The adventure began in a dozen scattered spots. In
In Caracas,
Colombia, the Act of Bogota was signed.
Romulo Betancourt moved a nation from dictatorship to a
living and hopeful democracy.
In Costa Rica, and Mexico,
and in many other places, new standards were being shaped;
Across the hemiold dreams were taking on fresh meaning.
sphere revolution was in the air, promising these three things:
freedom, and justice, and progress.
It was to replace privilege with social justice, and unWhere there was
changing poverty with economic progress.
Where there was ignorance
disease we would bring health.
We would feed the hungry and we
we would bring learning.
would shelter the homeless and we would do all of this as free
men making liberty the companion of progress.
And then all of these growing, resistless forces converged
on thisroom.
A brilliant new President of the United States
addressed himself to his fellow citizens of this hemisphere, and
with unmatched vision, John Fitzgerald Kennedy called for
‘“‘a vast cooperative effort unparalleled in magnitude and
nobility of purpose, to satisfy the basic needs of the American
peopie 75”
|2 |
bse]
ISDE IA INSEL EEL DISET ASSIA IEDR
AALAND
CRISES
And five months later—four years ago today—on the coast
of Uruguay, twenty American Republics solemnly resolved to
establish and to carry forward an Alliance for Progress.
That Act was a turning point, not only in the history of the
New World, but in the long history of freedom itself.
The goals were towering, almost beyond achievement.
The hopes were soaring, almost beyond fulfillment.
The
tasks were immense, almost beyond capacity.
But entire
nations are not stirred to action by timid words or narrow
visions.
‘The faith and will of millions do not take fire brands
that are muffled in reluctance and fear. And if the reality
of progress was to be slow, the radiance of ultimate achievea
eae
1
buient
sacrifice of generations.
enough
ne
ee
|
the
efforts
and
|
the
Senator J. William Fulbright,
extends a hearty handshake
Chairman,
Senate Foreign
Relations Committee
to President Johnson as Secretary of State Dean
Rusk and Former Secretary of State Christian A. Herter look on.
[5 |
L4 |
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If our Alliance was suffused with compassion and idealism,
it also responded to the most real and the most urgent necessities of our time.
Our continent is in ferment.
People long
oppressed demanded their share of the blessings and the dignity which the modern world can offer toman.
The peaceful
democratic social revolution of the Alliance is not the alternative to tranquillity and changelessness.
It is the alternative,
and the only alternative, to bloodshed and destruction and
tyranny.
For the past is gone.
And those who struggle to
preserve it enlist unawares in the ranks of their own destroyers.
We will shape the future through the principles of our Alliance or we will find it swallowed up in violence that is bred of
desperation.
How fortunate we are to live in such a time when justice so
mingles with necessity and faith with opportunity.
Almost from the moment of birth, the Alliance for Progress
was beset by doubt.
But men of rooted faith in every country held firm to the purpose.
And if they have not really
reached the farthest limit of expectation, we have done much;
more, indeed, than many believed we could do.
FOUR
YEARS
OF
PROGRESS
This four years has been the greatest period of forward
movement, progress and fruitful change that we have ever
made in the history of this hemisphere.
And that pace is
now increasing.
Last year, Latin America
for Progress target of 2%
Our experts tell me that we
in the Central American
almost seven percent.
as a whole exceeded the Alliance
percent per capita growth rate.
will do the same this year. And
Common Market the growth is
[6 |
EE
TTL
7
A large and swelling flood of resources contributes to this
progress.
In four years, the United States alone has contributed almost 41/2 billion dollars in grants, in loans, in goods,
and in expert assistance.
The nations of Latin America have
channelled 22-24 billion dollars into development.
And
more than an extra billion dollars has come from other countries and international agencies.
At the heart of Alliance are the twin urgencies of planning
and reform.
‘Ten nations have already submitted development programs, and others are on the way.
Fourteen nations now have major tax reforms under way, and their rate
of tax collection is steadily increasing.
Fourteen nations
have now instituted land reform programs.
Others are confronting the growing importance of population control.
One government after another is determined to reconcile
reform and economic growth with the struggle against destructive inflation.
And this morning I salute those—the
people of Brazil—who have helped to lead the way.
AMERICA
HELPS
In my own country we have constantly worked to improve
the speed and the usefulness of our own participation in the
Alliance, and we have made remarkable progress.
In the last year and a half we have loaned over 847 million
dollars—and that is almost 150 million dollars more than was
loaned in the entire two full preceding years combined.
The
number of loans is increasing The amount of investment
guarantee is on the rise. Housing guarantees have gone up
twenty times in the last two years.
So you see in both the United States and Latin America
we are moving more and more swiftly to meet the obligations
and to reach the goals that we set in the Alliance for Progress.
[7|
President Johnson enjoys coffee
with his guests on August 17,
1965, the Fourth Anniversary
of the Alliance for Progress,
in the State Dining Room of
the White House.
HOPE
IS BORN
And behind the statistics lie the countless stories of human
needs that have been met, human suffering that has been
relieved, and human hopes that have been fulfilled.
are being constructed.
Electric power lines are going up.
And institutions for savings and credit and development are
already opening new doors.
Hundreds and hundreds of thousands now can find relief
from suffering in more than 850 hospitals and health centers
and health units that have been already placed into operation.
These are important gains. But, perhaps more importantly, the banners of reform, of social justice, of economic
progress have been seized by governments and by leaders and
by parties throughout this hemisphere.
Elections are fought
and elections are won on the principles of the Alliance. And
where once the light of hope flickered in very few places,
today it burns in many nations.
In the oppressed countryside and in the desperate slums, growing numbers of people
know that far away in distant capitals—under different
slogans and with varying success—their leaders are working
to brighten their days and to ensure their dignity.
More than 100 million people today are protected from
malaria.
And all across the face of the hemisphere new roads
For the fact is, even though the forces of injustice and
privilege and tyranny still hold many fortresses, they are on
[8 |
[9]
Twenty-five million people—thirteen million of them little
children—are receiving food from the Alliance programs.
More than 11% million people already have new homes.
A million children now have new classrooms, and ten million
textbooks have already been produced.
And we can say, far more surely than
the defensive today.
we once could, that their final day is coming.
But whatever we have accomplished, we all know that the
road ahead is longer and it is more steep than the way behind.
If many have been helped, then there are many more that are
If some are newly free, there are millions
still untouched.
that are still shackled by poverty and disease and ignorance
If we have made more progress than
and malnutrition.
before, as we have, we have made far less than we should, and
we
must.
TOWARD
A BRIGHTER
FUTURE
So, to this end, we must all increase the efforts that we are
now making.
First, to build modern industry and the structures on which
it rests; to attract a growing flow of private investment and
technology to Latin America; to speed up the process of social
reform.
But it is not just enough to continue doing what we are
From the experience and the achievement and the
doing.
failures of the first four years, we can now shape new
directions.
Recently I received—as did the other American Presidents—a letter from CIAP suggesting changes and new
The leadership of this organization is itself one
departures.
of our very healthiest developments.
And I pledge that my
Government will review this letter with great care and
sympathy.
But from this letter—and from our own experience—we
can already see the shape of future emphasis.
[ 12|
HEALTHY
COMMODITY
PRICE
STRUCTURE
First, we must step up our efforts to prevent disastrous
changes in the prices of those basic commodities which are
We will conthe lifeblood of so many of our economies.
tinue—as we did this week in London—to strengthen the
operation of the coffee agreement and to search for ways to
stabilize the price of cocoa.
We will try
the sugar that
ent with the
afternoon that
sugar so that
producers.
to maintain a regularly expanding market for
And consistis produced by Latin America.
CIAP recommendations, I will propose this
Congress eliminate the special import fee on
the full price will go to the Latin American
WIDENED
MARKETS
Second, we must try to draw the economies of Latin
America much closer together.
‘The experience of Central
America reaffirms that of Europe.
Widened markets—the
breakdown of tariff barriers—leads to increased trade and
leads to more efficient production and to greater prosperity.
The United States will, as CIAP suggests, contribute from
its Alliance resources to the creation of a new fund for preparing multinational projects.
By building areawide road systems, by developing river basins which cross boundaries, by
improving communications, we can help dissolve the barriers
which have divided the nations.
In addition, I hope the American nations will consider the
establishment of a program—patterned after the European
Coal and Steel Community—for the production and trade, on
a continental basis, of fertilizer, pesticides, and other products that are needed to increase agricultural production. My
country stands willing to help in such a venture.
pis.
Nicaraguan Ambassador Guillermo Sevilla-Sacasa, the Dean of the
other Latin
American
Ambassadors
after the
And thus, in ways that he never imagined, we can move
much closer to the dream of Bolivar.
MEETING
Third,
America.
despair.
it is here,
economy
of crops,
RURAL
NEEDS
we must emphasize the needs of rural Latin
Here, is the scene of the most abject poverty and
Here, half the people of Latin America live. And
in the countryside, that the foundation of a modern
will finally be built. ‘Through the diversification
we can decrease dependence on a few export prod-
[ 14 |
Diplomatic Corps, exchanging stories with President Johnson and
Central American
Loan
Agreement
Signing.
Through increasing production, the countries of Latin
ucts.
Through increasing
America can feed their own people.
farm income, we can provide growing markets for new
industry.
And we must, as CIAP also suggests, direct more of our
effort toward those things which directly touch the lives of
individual human beings—housing, education, health, and
food. Anditisnot enough simply to say that a growing economy will ultimately meet those needs.
Misery and pain and
despair exist in the present; and we must fight them in the
[15]
faith; their participation and their sacrifice, rests the future
of all of us and the future of all nations.
ae
‘This is not
present with all we have and the best way we can.
It 1s, as we all recognize,
only the command of compassion.
For factories and banks and dollars
the counsel of wisdom.
Andon
People buildanation.
do not alone build anation.
those people, on their health and their knowledge and their
(
t
This is the common thread which runs through the Great
Society in my country and the Alliance for Progress in all
countries.
These are a few—and only a few—of the many tasks which
lie before us as we meet here this morning to labor to complete the second revolution of the Americas.
DIGNITY
FOR
ALL
DevelopThe task of development is a practical process.
It demands careful judgment demands skilled leadership.
Itdemands initiative, ingenuity, and imagination that
ment.
But it also demands someis firmly tempered by possibility.
It is an
For our progress is not its own end.
thing more.
And so we must
instrument to enlarge the dignity of man.
build on faith and on belief and on those values which are the
resistant and enduring mark of our civilization.
This means that each man should have the chance to share
Each should participate in that
in the affairs of his nation.
liberating process of self-rule that we know as democracy.
It is fundamental to our Alliance that all of our nations should
be free and that all of our people should be a part of that
We have not yet achieved that for all of our counfreedom.
But that
tries, indeed for all the people of my own country.
And, however we build,
is our goal for this entire continent.
the Alliance will not be a success until that is accomplished.
President
bis
Johnson
with Senator Wayne Morse, Chairman of the Senate
American Republics Affairs Subcommittee.
[17]
It is to protect that right of self-determination that the
I know that
OAS today works in the Dominican Republic.
all you share the wish that the future government, chosen by
the Dominican Republic and by the Dominican people themselves, will be devoted to the principles of liberal democracy
and social justice; and that you share as well the intention
of my country to help them rebuild that memory and strife
scarred land.
This also means that each man’s nation—whether it 1s
great or small—must walk as an equal with all others—
free to shape its society, free to select its institutions and free
to find its own way to the future so long as it respects the
rights of its fellows. And from this enriching diversity of
custom and tradition—practice and the conduct of affairs—
I think we will all draw strength and, perhaps even wisdom.
This also means that each man must have a chance to share
God did
in present benefit and to share in future progress.
not create any man to live in unseen chains, laboring through
a life of pain to heap the table of a favored few. No farmer
should be enslaved to land that he canneverown.
Noworker
should be stripped of reward for toil. No family should be
compelled to sacrifice while others escape the obligations of
their society.
‘Indeed,’ said Thomas Jefferson, “I tremble
for my country when I reflect that God is just.””. We must
surely tremble for our continent as long as any live and flourish
protected by the walls of injustice.
PROGRESS
WILL
FULFILL
DREAMS
If we follow these commands in all our lands then progress
But if we sacrifice them to weakness,
will fulfill our dreams.
or interest, or to false promise, then the hand that builds will
become the hand of desolation.
[ 18 |
Argentine
Ambassador
Norberto M. Barrenechea and President Johnson
in the President’s office.
[ 19|
visit
I am, as best I can, and best I know how, trying to follow
them in my own country.
‘This year new laws will help the
old in my country to find health, will help families to supplement the cost of their homes, will help the Negroes to share
in democracy, will help the poor to find an exit from poverty,
and will help little children to seek learning.
For in my nation, like yours, we are still struggling to find justice for all of
our people.
And because we are fortunate in abundance, we
feel that morality requires that we must also try to help others
who seek it for their own people too.
And there is also something more.
The process of development is still an unknown process.
Although we mask our
uncertainty with charts and tables, calculations and intricate
theories, we are still very uncertain.
But one thing we do
know.
Development is not just a matter of resources, or
trade, or production, or even crops.
Rather, in some mysterious way, a people—because they have great leaders and
because they have great hopes and because they themselves
are great—an entire people begin to stir, and to sacrifice and
to work.
And when they move a nation begins to move.
And today in this country and, I believe, throughout this
continent, this is really beginning to happen.
It is this—not the numbers or reports—which tell us these
have been fruitful years.
And with luck and with skill and
with intransigent resolve we will clear away the thousand
barriers that lie ahead—if enough hands grasp them, and all
are allowed to make the journey.
To all that was pledged that momentous August day four
years ago—and everything promised since then—I here, on
this anniversary today, again pledge my Administration and
my personal life in office.
As for the future, leave that to the New World.
ours, as it was promised so many years ago.
Thank you.
20
It will be
OR
June
Dear
Mr.
25,
1965
President:
Thank you most kindly for the warm and generous
hospitality which you extended at the dinner at the White House on
Tuesday, June 22. This was a most representative and impressive
gathering of the Great Consensus in pursuit of the Great Society. I
am proud and honored to be a member of your team and a part of
the Great Consensus.
I regret most sincerely that meetings with the
top management of the Douglas Aircraft Corporation necessitated
my leaving early and I apologize most sincerely for not being
present at the time you called upon me for a few remarks.
The Communists could not have possibly understood the spirit of the men who responded to your invitation to come
to dinner.
The genius of our free society is its capability of achieving
unity in diversity through consensus and cooperation which stands in
marked contrast to communism and other forms of totalitarianism
which achieve unity through conformity by the pressures of compulsion
and cooercion.
Free labor and free management need always to
realize that they have more in common than in conflict and that since
human freedom is indivisible, neither can remain free excepting as
they work together to preserve and advance our free society in a
free world.
Communism is morally bankrupt and historically
obsolete because it would have labor and management believe that
they are both the prisoner of an inescapable and irreconciliable
conflict in the struggle to divide up economic scarcity.
The real
EE
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a
Te
eS
a ae ae
“~Z2e«
challenge today to free men, both labor and management, is to
create new forms of economic and social cooperation so that
together they can harness the rising star of science and technology
and relate the abundance of automation and the tools of the 20th
century technological revolution to man's peaceful needs and
aspirations so that all may share in the blessings of a fuller and
richer life.
There are no problems in America too large or
We have the scientific,
too difficult for free men to solve.
technological and productive know-how; we must now work together
to develop a comparable human and social and moral know-why.
I
have unlimited faith in the capability of free men and in the strength
of our free institutions and I am confident that America can develop
the common denominator around which free labor and free management,in cooperation with free government and free people, can |
work together in bringing to practical fulfillment the Great Society
in which men will be more concerned with the quality of their goals
than the quantity of their goods.
Since the instructions at the dinner were that those
who did not make a speech were obligated to write you giving you
their suggestions, I am attaching a memorandum on three specific
items for your consideration.
With admiration
and affection.
Sincerely,
WPR:lm
oeiu4dd
The Honorable Lyndon B.
The White House
Washington, D.C.
Johnson
MEMORANDUM
I.
VOTING
RIGHTS
I am deeply disturbed by the delay in the enactment of the
r
you
in
ed
spe
all
h
wit
ct
ena
to
ss
gre
Con
ed
ask
you
ch
whi
Bill
Voting Rights
rch
chu
,
hts
rig
il
Civ
ss.
gre
Con
of
n
sio
ses
nt
joi
the
ore
bef
s
res
add
ic
tor
his
t
rui
rec
to
g
kin
wor
n
bee
ths
mon
for
e
hav
s
ion
zat
ani
org
or
lab
and
groups, civic
are
y
the
and
ns
ize
cit
d
ste
ere
int
er
oth
and
ts
den
stu
y
sit
ver
uni
thousands of
being given special orientation courses
to prepare
them to make
a massive
ns
ize
cit
ro
Neg
our
of
le
sib
pos
as
y
man
as
er
ist
reg
to
th
Sou
p
Dee
the
effort in
ied
den
n
bee
t
pas
the
in
e
hav
s,
ure
ced
pro
ing
vot
ry
ato
min
cri
who, because of dis
all
are
ts
den
stu
ng
you
se
The
ip.
nsh
ize
cit
an
ric
Ame
of
hts
rig
access to the full
job.
the
do
to
ls
too
the
e
vid
pro
to
act
to
led
fai
has
ss
gre
Con
set to go but as yet
It would be a great tragedy if most of the summer is wasted
the
o
als
is
re
The
.
Bill
hts
Rig
ing
Vot
the
ng
cti
ena
in
ay
del
the
because of
ed
pir
ins
t
tha
ons
ati
ect
exp
at
gre
the
and
es
hop
h
hig
the
further tragedy that
to
ort
eff
ic
tor
his
this
of
t
par
a
as
n
joi
to
ple
peo
ng
you
se
the
and motivated
c
ati
ocr
dem
ir
the
e
iev
ach
to
s
roe
Neg
of
nds
usa
tho
p
hel
to
and
er
ist
reg
franchise, will be frustrated and their high expectations turned into disappoint-
ive
uct
str
con
s
dou
men
tre
a
ent
res
rep
ple
peo
ng
you
se
The
s.
nes
ter
bit
and
ment
rgy
ene
this
n
the
d,
ate
str
fru
are
y
the
if
and
ion
uat
sit
t
sen
pre
potential in this
may find destructive rather than constructive outlets.
Time is of the essence and I urge you to convene, as early as
possible, a meeting of the Democratic leadership in both houses, including
an
ssm
gre
Con
and
ack
orm
McC
r
ake
Spe
,
Hart
r
ato
Sen
,
eld
sfi
Man
r
Senato
this
e
olv
res
to
l,
era
Gen
ey
orn
Att
the
and
nt
ide
res
e-P
Vic
the
plus
Zeller,
matter so that a strong and meaningful Voting Rights Bill can be enacted
g
udin
incl
,
bill
l
gfu
nin
mea
a
such
t
enac
to
s
vote
The
y.
dela
her
furt
without
ld
wou
it
and
se,
Hou
the
and
ate
Sen
the
both
in
e
labl
avai
are
tax,
a ban on poll
be nothing short of tragic to fail to act accordingly.
The question of civil rights arouses deep emotional feeling and
in
life
lic
pub
in
ple
peo
ge
jud
y
the
and
s
ail
det
of
e
war
una
are
ple
millions of peo
a
ent
res
rep
,
ent
sid
Pre
Mr.
,
You
s.
bol
sym
al
mor
and
ial
terms of broad soc
an
hum
and
n
tio
vic
con
al
son
per
p
dee
r
You
e.
hop
of
bright and promising symbol
ds
wor
ing
pir
ins
r
you
in
n
tha
sed
res
exp
y
ull
cef
for
e
mor
er
compassion were nev
te,
una
ort
unf
t
mos
be
ld
wou
It
.
nt
me
ce
en
mm
Co
y
sit
ver
Uni
at the Howard
Bill
hts
Rig
ing
Vot
the
on
es
enc
fer
dif
the
e
olv
res
to
e
lur
fai
a
if
,
ent
Mr. Presid
ked
wor
e
hav
you
ch
whi
e
hop
of
bol
sym
ght
bri
the
h
nis
tar
to
ted
mit
per
would be
Memorandum
-- page 2
so hard and with
Your
such deep compassion
Mr.
leadership,
President,
and commitment
is imperative
to assure
to make
possible.
the working
out of
an understanding between the Democratic leadership in the Senate and the House.
Only thus can we avoid further delay and also avoid the difficulties of a joint
House-Senate
Il.
conference
committee.
REAPPORTIONMENT
The question of reapportionment and the principle of ''one manone vote" will have a long range impact’ upon the shape and the effectiveness of
our free society and I believe that the Administration must quietly and determinedly involve itself in a meaningful effort to block the Dirksen Amendment
for the following sound and urgent reasons:
e
An Invitation to Chaos
and Governmental
Paral
sis
The acceleration in the shift in population will in a few years
more than 80% of the American people in large urban centers and
concentrate
To divide
will face them with increasingly complex and difficult problems.
the state governments on the basis of one House to reflect population and the
other to be elected on a non-population basis is a kind of insanity which invites
chaos and insures the paralysis of state government at a time when every large
The unrepresentative
urban center faces problems which need prompt action.
character of state legislatures in the past has been the primary reason for
The
past neglect of the compounding problems of our great urban centers.
Dirksen Amendment will only compound this problem.
2.
Sharpen
Political
Controvers
The right-wing extremists, who in their insanity would like to
repeal the 20th century, continue to carry on a campaign against federal governmental action in areas where they. insist that the state governments should act.
They want to argue
Their strategy is to enable them to have it both ways.
against necessary federal action while at the same time they paralyze the
state government and make it incapable of acting, and then when it is suggested
that the federal government act to fill the vacuum created by state inaction, these
same unreasoning extremists will use this to further feed the fires of their propaganda by pointing out that the federal government is reaching a "long dictatorial
arm'' into more local matters.
Memorandum
-- page 3
3.
h
ic
Wh
te
Vo
e
On
nMa
e
On
of
e
pl
ci
in
Pr
l
ra
Mo
es
at
Viol
y
iet
Soc
ic
at
cr
mo
De
d
an
ee
Fr
a
of
e
on
st
er
rn
is the Co
's
on
ti
ra
st
ni
mi
Ad
the
to
r
nte
cou
s
run
t
en
dm
en
Am
n
se
rk
Di
The
w
Ho
s.
an
ic
er
Am
all
for
ip
nsh
ize
cit
ss
cla
st
fir
and
l
ful
great efforts to secure
out
e
wip
to
de
ma
ng
bei
is
t
tha
ort
eff
at
gre
the
y
tif
jus
,
can we, as a free nation
and
,
an
ic
er
Am
ry
eve
to
ip
nsh
ize
cit
ss
cla
st
fir
every obstacle that would deny
the
to
ts
en
dm
en
am
on
ti
mo
in
put
ss
re
ng
Co
of
n
sio
ses
me
sa
then in the
n
tha
n
ize
cit
one
of
e
vot
the
to
ght
wei
r
ate
gre
e
giv
ld
wou
ch
whi
Constitution
te.
sta
a
hin
wit
e
nc
de
si
re
of
ce
pla
his
n
upo
g
in
nd
pe
de
r
the
ano
4.
Good
Morals
and Good
Politics
ht,
rig
y
ll
ra
mo
y
onl
not
is
e"
vot
e
on
nma
e
"on
of
ple
The princi
ed
ed
ne
m
ra
og
pr
r
you
for
t
por
sup
of
e
bas
ad
bro
the
for
it is also good politics
o
wh
an
ic
er
Am
of
ty
ri
jo
ma
ng
mi
el
wh
er
ov
the
to build the Great Society is
live in the growing urban centers of America.
lll, BEAUTIFICATION
As I advised you relative to my meeting with Senator Pat
r
you
in
nts
poi
r
fou
the
of
ee
thr
t
por
sup
to
ent
eem
agr
in
is
he
,
McNamara
to
eed
agr
He
.
tee
mit
com
his
ore
bef
now
ys
hwa
Hig
on
Bill
on
ati
fic
uti
Bea
e
mak
to
and
ds,
yar
k
jun
s,
ard
lbo
bil
to
t
pec
your recommendation with res
rth
fou
r
you
ts
por
sup
he
le
Whi
.
ory
dat
man
on
ati
fic
the 3% for highway beauti
ly
ong
str
ls
fee
he
ds,
roa
nic
sce
,
ary
ond
sec
of
recommendation for the building
the
n
upo
not
and
on
ati
tax
l
era
gen
of
out
be
uld
sho
ds
roa
that the cost of such
a
put
es
tax
er
sum
con
t
tha
ls
fee
he
for
tax,
ne
oli
consumer through the gas
disproportionate share of the tax burden upon the low income families.
ra
ma
Na
Mc
r
ato
Sen
ask
ly
al
on
rs
pe
you
t
tha
e
urg
I would strongly
of
ult
res
a
as
t
tha
ent
fid
con
am
I
and
er
tt
ma
s
thi
to visit with you briefly about
are
o
wh
ple
peo
ff
sta
e
us
Ho
te
Whi
the
and
ra
ma
Na
Mc
r
ato
Sen
g,
such a meetin
t
tha
end
the
to
es
enc
fer
dif
ir
the
e
olv
res
can
,
you
for
working on this matter
his
h
oug
thr
d
se
es
oc
pr
be
can
m
ra
og
pr
on
ati
fic
uti
bea
r
you
this portion of
committee.
lm
oeiud2
a
August 11,
Dear
1965
Larry:
I have just returned from Europe where I
participated in a series of international labor conferences,
and I wish to thank you for forwardin
to g
me the pens used
in the signing of the Medicare Bill and the Voting Rights
Bill, As you know, I have been deeply involved for the
last number of years in the struggle to make both of these
critical pieces of legislation possible.
I regret I could not be present on the occasion
of the signing but I do appreciate having the pens.
You have every reason to be proud of the con-
tribution you have made in the achievement of a tremendously historic congressional effort.
th
wi
k
r
o
w
to
g
n
i
u
n
i
t
n
o
c
Looking forward to
you in doing the unfinished work that still lies ahead, I am
with all good wishes
Sincerely yours,
WPRiob
oeiu 42
Mr. Lawrence F. O'Brien
Special Assistant to the President
The White House’
Washington,
D,
C.
ae
ee ee
eS
eS
a
ee eee
Te
ES ee
me ee
Te
ee
August 12, 1965
Dear
Jack:
Just a word to express my very sincere appre-
ciation for your kindness in following through and having
the photograph of the President and the Vice President autographed,
|
Looking forward to seeing you at the White
House dinner on Tuesday, August 17th, I am with kindest
personal regards and all good wishes,
Sincerely,
WPRiob
oeiu 42
;
‘
Mri Jack Valenti
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Wiishington, D. C.
i.
rif
Ail f
;
j
ee
=“
TE
ee
eS
August 20,
Dear
1965
Friend:
It was good to have an opportunity of saying hello to
you during the Alliance for
rn
ceremony at the White
House on Tuesday.
As you know,
I have just returned from participating
in the World Congress of the International Confederation of
Free Trade Unions in Amsterdam, other labor meetings in
Europe and two days at the Harpsund meeting with the
political leaders of Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Great Britain,
Germany and Austria.
The Harpsund meetings have proven most useful for
they afford an opportunity for friends to meet informally and
exchange views uninhibited by the normal restrictions of the
formalized conference.
At the last five world congresses of the ICFTU I have
had the privilege of serving as chairman of the committee
dealing with economic, social and political problems.
I
served in the same capacity at the Amsterdam Congress,
and
I am happy to report that after many days of meetings and
handholding, I was able to persuade my committee to agree
to the enclosed policy statement on the world political situation, and following my presentation to the ICFTU World
Congress, the resolution was adopted by the Congress without
a dissenting vote.
Kindest personal regards and all good wishes.
Sincerely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr. McGeorge Bundy
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D, C.
August 20,
Dear
1965
Bill:
It was
good to have
seen you briefly on Tuesday last.
I have followed through in accordance with my discussion with the President regarding both beautification and
the home rule legislation. On Wednesday I held a special
meeting of the legislative staff members of the UAW and IUD
(Industrial Union Department) and advised them that I considered the passage of the beautification bill and the home
rule bill of the highest priority and that there was need on
our part to make a special total effort to get favorable con-
gressional action on both of these bills.
To insure such an effort, I have set up two special
staff groups -- one of which will concentrate exclusively on
the beautification bill and the other on the home rule bill.
I will personally be working with these two staff groups and
we will make an effort to draw into the overall legislation
activities in support of the beautification and home rule bills
the broadest possible forces both in the labor movement and
from among the broad coalition of church, civic and civil
rights groups who worked so effectively on both the civil
rights legislation and the poverty legislation.
I have also taken steps to set up
who will follow through and make contact
ional district or state where grass roots
to persuade our congressional friends to
bills.
a staff
in any
support
support
in Detroit
congress-~is needed
these two
a
I have met with Larry O'Brien and we are working
out the mechanics for close and effective liaison between
our efforts and his office.
We are determined to do everything possible to
secure favorable action in this session of Congress and as
the President has suggested, I am desirous of working as
closely as possible with you to this end. If there is anything
that I can do or any special effort in addition to what I shall
be doing that you can think of, I hope that you will not hesitate to call me.
I was delighted to find the President rested and in
good spirits following two days at the ranch over the weekend.
Kindest personal regards and all good wishes.
Sincerely,
WPR:o0b
oeiu 42
Mr.
Bill Moyers
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C..
I
P,S.
statement made
Progress group
remarks on the
t
en
ll
ce
ex
ry
ve
e
th
by
d
se
es
pr
im
ch
mu
was
by the President before the Alliance for
s
hi
so
al
d
an
n
io
pt
ce
re
e
us
Ho
e
it
Wh
e
th
at
swearing in of Secretary John Gardner.
ch
mu
ry
ve
te
ia
ec
pr
ap
d
ul
wo
I
e,
bl
ou
If it is not too much tr
of
th
bo
on
t
en
em
at
st
s
t'
en
id
es
Pr
e
receiving a copy of th
these occasions,
ae
Ne ee eS ae
SRS EE eee
~
eee
a eee
ee ee ee
LDP.
-—éW
|
B.
President Lyndon
LBJ Ranch
Johnson City, Texas
Heartiest
your
57th
AFL-CIO
27,
August
1965
Johnson
congratulations
birthday.
LUD
|
May
and
you
best
be
wishes
blessed
on
with
the
occasion
continued
of
good
re
sha
may
ld
wor
the
of
s
on
ti
na
the
and
ple
health so that the peo
d,
oo
rh
he
ot
br
and
e
ic
st
ju
ial
soc
m,
do
ee
fr
ce,
pea
the blessings of
..
d.
te
it
mm
co
and
e
lif
r
you
d
te
ca
di
de
e
hav
you
ch
whi
to
ls
- the goa
)
2
<
job
the
on
am
I
t
tha
rt
po
re
to
o
I want als
your leadership.
rg
be
ld
Go
or
ad
ss
ba
Am
h
wit
g
in
rn
mo
s
thi
met
i
and not in Europe.
e
ac
pe
ld
bui
to
s
rt
fo
ef
r
you
en
th
ng
re
in New York City to help st
s
thi
on
gt
in
sh
Wa
in
k
ac
rm
Co
Mc
r
ke
ea
Sp
h
in the world. 1 met wit
t
en
nm
er
ov
-g
lf
se
ng
bri
to
rt
fo
ef
r
you
afternoon to help support
PAGE
LDP
TWO
OF
TWO
PD
PAGES
|
|
IUD
AFL
CIO
,
and democracy to Washington.
Will be working over weekend
with staff to reach key people to influence additional
congressmen to sign discharge petition re home rule.
If there
is anything else that I can do to make your birthday happy,
please
Mrs.
let me know.
Johnson.
With
My warmest
best wishes to both you and.
|
admiration and
|
affection, sincerely
Walter
P. Reuther
|
r
ALL OUT ~ LABOR DAY
war and peace
education for children
jobs - automation
social security and medicare
AER
SER
AE
BACK UP YOUR BARGAINING COMMITTEE
HEAR
negotiations
report
Chrysler workers are leading the fight to win greater
to improve working conditions.
economic
equity and
YOU CAN STRENGTHEN THEIR HAND
DEMONSTRATE YOUR SUPPORT AND SOLIDARITY BY ATTENDING
LABOR DAY RALLY AT CADILLAC SQUARE
THE
bring your family - your friends - your fellow workers!
COME TO KENNEDY SQUARE
(formerly Cadillac Square )
this may be the most Tayore ails labor day of your life!
LABOR DAY - MONDAY - SEPT. 7 - 1 A.M.
DFAT,
mors mericom>
Orr
33
NO
a
ee
ee
ee
ee
ee
a ee ee
October
My dear Mr.
18,
1965
President:
My thoughts and prayers have been with you ever
since your operation and Il am deeply grateful for the suc~
cess of the operation and the remarkable progress you are
making.
Having had a similar operation some years back, I
can assure you that a malfunctioning gallbladder is a spare
part one is best rid of. I can fully appreciate the discomforts which you are temporarily experiencing and I should
like to urge that you not over-extend yourself during your
period of convalescence and that you take advantage of the
opportunity to get a much deserved rest.
I note that Hubert Humphrey has been visiting with
you and I should like to urge that you limit hie advice to
political matters for it has been some time since Hubert has
practiced pharmacy and I would suspect that he is much in
need of a refresher course,
Il appreciate very much the tremendous effort that
both you and Mrs. Johnson put into the beautification legis~lation and while it is not everything we had hoped for, it is
a meaningful beginning upon which we can build in the years
ahead as we work to restore and conserve both our beauty
and our resources with which we as a people and nation are
so richly blessed.
I share your deep disappointment on our failure to
get the home rule through.
Under your inspired leadership
and continued persistence, the effort will go on and I am
confident that in the end home rule for the District of
Columbia will prevail.
a
Il am working with Joe Califano on the rent subsidy
legislation and shall do everything possible to get favorable
action on the requested appropriations to make this legislation meaningful and workable.
I hope to see Nick Katzenbach early next week
regarding the small car project and I am hopeful we can get
moving on this for it would make a very substantial contribution in reducing the balance of payments problem and in
providing increased employment.
|
Joe Califano called the first meeting of our housing
committee on Friday last and we are off to a good start. I
shall do what I can to help develop imaginative and meaning-
ful recommendations in the housing field for your consideraAs a devoted member of your working
cr
my warmest best wishes and urge you to invest a , few
additional weeks in convalescing so that you can return fully
refreshed and restored in body and spirit to lead the great
task of building the Great Society.
With warmest
affection and adm
=.
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
President Lyndon B, Johnson
Bethesda Naval Hospital
Bethesda, Maryland
erely,
ee
eee
et ee
EEE
—
ooo
October 25,
Dear
Mr.
Ee
EE
TE ree Tere
1965
McPherson:
enclosures.
Thank you for your letter of October 20th with
I look forward to working with you and Bob
Wood and the other members of the committee in doing what
I can to help develop some imaginative and meaningful
recommendations for the President's consideration in the
field of housing.
Over the years I have followed the policy of
not charging the government
for my services on various
commissions and agencies.
the form which you sent me.
for transportation or per diem
governmental committees,
Accordingly, I am returning
.
Kindest personal regards.
Sincerely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr. Harry C. McPherson, Jr.
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C.
>
i
Adrainist rai ively
{
ig
é
Pe
|
Confifan
tia!
ve ENON SECS
é
,
ye
THE
WHITE
t
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October
.
Mr.
Walter
Solidarity
8000
Rf
P.
Reuther
House
Jefferson
Detroit,
Michigan
Mr.
1965
°
E.
Dear
20,
Street
Reuther:
The President has asked me to tell you personally how
much he appreciates your assistance and your efforts to help
us develop creative proposals for a better urban America.
Joe Califano and I want to echo his sentiments by welcoming
you formally to our panel on the cities.
Our first session last Friday was constructive, and we
look forward to seeing you again soon.
May I stress again the
need and importance for keeping the work of the panel under
tight wraps.
Bob Wood
10, and 26 and on
These seem to be
with you as to the
has set up a series of meetings on November 9,
December 4 and 5 here in Joe Califano's office.
mutually convenient dates and I will be in touch
specific times.
-
I think you also know that Professor Chester Rapkin of |
the University of Pennsylvania will head up the staff.
He will be
assisted by Bernard J. Frieden, Associate Professor of City
Planning at MIT.
Several other staff members will be selected
shortly and some additional help will come from Bob Weaver' s
dioke
office.
Attached
care
of your
are
travel,
you will return them
several
per
routine
diem,
to me,
and
cenaeen
administrative
other
related
I'll see that they are
Administratively
Confidentia}
forms
matters.
to take
processed
If
promptly.
Administratively
Confidential
Should you have any further questions about the meeting,
the forms or anything-else connected with the panel, please
feel free
to call me,
Joe
Califano,
or
Larry
Levinson.
With best regards, .
Sincerely,
Harry C.
Mature
Jr. en
Special Assistant to the President
Attachment.
Administratively
Confidential
.
¢“™
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October-20,
1965
“A,
Mr. Walter P. Reuther
Solidarity House
Michigan
Mr.
la Ra
=
teed
ees
eaeAli we
Si
Our
first
a let
tt Se ape
last Friday was
constructive,
and we
Bob Wood
10, and 26 and on
These seem to be
with you as to the
has set up a series of meetings on November 9,
December 4 and 5 here in Joe Califano's office.
mutually convenient dates and I will be in touch
a
specific times.
I think you also know that Professor Chester Rapkin of
He will be
the University of Pennsylvania will head up the staff.
assisted by Bernard J. Frieden, Associate Professor of City
Several other staff members will be selected
Planning at MIT.
shortly and some additional help will come
office.
Sedan.
Bali
ah a a a
stalin
il di aS iran altel a Rel
nal
Nas ai
san scctinct he
endl
Blas etd
session
May I stress again the
look forward to seeing you again soon.
need and importance for keeping the work of the panel under
|
tight wraps.
i ne
he
Reuther:
The President has asked me to tell you personally how
p
hel
to
s
ort
eff
r
you
and
e
anc
ist
ass
r
you
es
iat
much he apprec
a.
ic
er
Am
an
urb
ter
bet
a
for
s
al
os
op
pr
ve
ati
cre
p
elo
dev
us
g
in
om
lc
we
by
ts
en
im
nt
se
his
o
ech
to
t
wan
I
and
no
ifa
Cal
Joe
you formally to our panel on the cities.
satin oS ao.
Le
adit ei nl att inl
tik iwi,
Detroit,
Dear
|
Jefferson Street
8000 E.
i
|
Attached
care
oo
*
of your
are
travel,
several
per
routine
diem,
and
from Bob Weaver's
ee
administrative
other
we
related
forms
matters.
to take
If
you will return them to me, I'll see that they are processed promptly.
~
+ Administratively.
— Confidential
Adrnini ustratively
Confidential
g,
tin
mee
the
ut
abo
ons
sti
que
r
the
fur
any
ve
ha
you
Should
the forms or anything.else connected with the panel, please
feel free to call me, Joe Califano, or Larry Levinson.
With best regards,
m
a
r
o
l
M
a
a
N
M
ES baw,
Sa
inant
Harry C. McPherson, Jr.
Special As sistant to the President
ali sri ik i al i net Lilies na
Si ian
ONS atl
lel
hI
le
SB
adc
te
a a
lil
Sek a A
sass ule MaDe hal ask tt
a
as
.
ai
hel nese
eteialey ie Be et
eens Bee
ween
+
».
ee
iit teint alae Dia ah sini
ok
in lattibadins bub siinab
alanasai ina
aa
asec
stia ze
7
}
;
Attachment:.
a
ee ae ee
a
November
Dear
5,
ee
ee ee
ee
ee
EEE eee eee
ee ee Se SS
ee
ee
Ve Ny eh.
1965
Larry:
Thank you for your kindness in sending me a copy
of the photograph taken with the President on the occasion of
the signing of the highway beautification bill.
It was a hard struggle and the bill did not meet
all of our wishes but it is a beginning upon which we can
build in the period ahead,
It was good to have had an opportunity to work
with you on this and other important legislation.
You looked good standing before that small post
office in Texas and I again send my heartiest congratulations
I wish you all the best in
on the well deserved recognition.
your new undertaking, to which I know you will contribute
the full measure of your dedication.
Kindest personal regards and all good wishes.
Sincer ely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr. Larry O'Brien
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D, C.
a
oe a
THE
WHITE
HOUSE:
WASHINGTON
16,
November
Dear
1965
Walter: .
s
te
ga
le
de
e
th
to
d
an
u
yo
to
es
sh
wi
od
go
t
I send my warmes
al
ri
st
du
In
e
th
of
on
ti
en
nv
Co
al
on
ti
tu
ti
ns
Co
h
attending the Sixt
Union Department of AFL-CIO.
last convention two years
Since the IUD's
made
momentous
goal of equality
attainment
toward
strides
of opportunity
ago,
America has
of our
common
general prosperity.
and
w
ne
h
ac
re
to
d
ue
in
nt
co
s
ha
y
om
on
In this brief span, our ec
of
t
en
tm
ac
en
d
se
es
tn
wi
ve
ha
we
d
an
t
en
em
levels of achiev
.
fe
li
al
on
ti
na
r
ou
of
y
it
al
qu
e
th
e
at
ev
el
n
to
io
at
historic legisl
In these accomplishments,
most significant role.
American
American
labor has played a
.
re
ca
di
Me
r
fo
rd
ha
ht
ug
fo
labor has
won with enactment
that battle was
In 1965,
of the Social Security
Amendments.
American
for human
labor
has
rights.
long been in the forefront
In 1964 and
rewarded with enactment
Rights Acts.
1965,
of the quest
these efforts were
of the Civil Rights
and Voting
|
t
ou
lal
e
th
r
fo
ns
ra
te
ve
e
th
ed
American labor has suppli
t
Ac
y
it
un
rt
po
Op
c
i
m
o
n
o
c
E
e
th
war on poverty declared in
of 1964.
We
are bringing
American
welcome
u
yo
ps
oo
tr
k
oc
sh
l
ia
ec
sp
e
th
now
up to join in this battle.
labor
played
a prominent
e
ov
pr
im
to
65
19
in
n
io
at
sl
of legi
part in the
adoption
educational opportunities
v
Page
2
of millions of disadvantaged American children; to extend
and expand the Manpower Development and Training Act
of 1962; and to promote economic development of Appalachia
to help the region's large body of poor and jobless.
But many vital objectives have not been attained.
Amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Unemployment
Insurance laws is part of the unfinished business of the
Congress and the Nation.
These must be given high
priority.
We have made significant progress in 1965 toward the longsought goal of repealing Section 14(b).
Just as we had to
come back last year to finish the unfinished battle for
Medicare, we will come back in the next session to remove
this divisive provision from the law.
May your convention prove highly productive and fruitful
for the men and women you represent and for the Nation
you serve so faithfully.
sincerely,
Mr. Walter Reuther
President, Industrial Union
Department
AFL-CIO
|
815 Sixteenth Street, N.W.
Washington
6, D.
C.
;
|
:
November
Dear
5,
1965
Jack:
The Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO,
representing approximately seven million industrial workers
in the United States,
will hold its constitutional convention in
Washington during the period of November
18th-19th,
1965.
I had asked President Johnson some months back
to address our convention since the Industrial Union Department represents his most loyal and effective workers in the
building of the Great Society,
but now is period of convales-
cence will make it impossible for him to come personally.
I would appreciate it very much if you could ask
the President to send us a message of greetings and encouragement.
The convention will be an opportunity for all of us to
express our appreciation for the tremendous progress which
has been made under the President's inspired leadership and
to rededicate ourselves to the work yet to be done to bring to
practical fulfillment the bright promise of a tomorrow in
which all may share more fully in the blessings of the
abundance which automation and the 20th century technological
revolution now make possible.
The greetings should be sent
to me as President of the Industrial Union Department,
C1O,
815 Sixteenth Street,
It was
N.
W.,
Washington 6, D.
C.
AFL-
good to have had the opportunity to chat
with you briefly on the phone the other afternoon.
Kindest personal regards and all good wishes.
Sincerely,
WPR:o0b
eeiu 42
Mr. Jack Valenti
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C.
FOR
IMMEDIATE
RELEASE
OFFICE
OF
:
THE
THE
JUNE
WHITE
WHITE
HOUSE
PRESS
4,
1965
SECRETARY
HOUSE
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT
AT HOWARD UNIVERSITY
WASHINGTON, D. C.
(As actually delivered at 6:35 PM
EDT)
Dr. Nabrit, my fellow Americans:
Iam delighted at the chance to
speak at this important and this historic institution.
Howard has long been
an outstanding center for the education of Negro Americans.
Its students
are of every race and color and they come from many countries of the
world,
It is truly a working example of democratic excellence.
Our earth is the home of revolution.
In every corner of every
continent men charged with hope contend with ancient ways in the pursuit
of justice.
They reach for the newest of weapons to realize the oldest
of dreams, that each may walk in freedom and pride, stretching his
talents, enjoying the fruits of the earth.
Our enemies may occasionally seize the day of change, but it is the
banner of our revolution they take.
And our own future is linked to this
process of swift and turbulent change in many lands in the world.
But
nothing in any country touches us more profoundly, and nothing is more
freighted with meaning for our own destiny than the revolution of the
Negro Am.rican.
In far too many
deprived of freedom,
to hope.
ways American Negroes have
crippled by hatred, the doors
been another nation:
of opportunity closed
In our time change has come to this nation too.
The American
Negro, acting with impressive restraint, has peacefully protested and
marched, entered the courtrooms and the seats of government, demanding
a justice that has long been denied.
The voice of the Negro was the call
to action.
But it is a tribute to America that, once aroused, the courts and
the Congress, the President and most of the people, have been the allies of
progress.
Thus we have seen the high court of the country declare that discrimination based on race was repugnant to the Constitution, and therefore
void.
We have seen in 1957, 1960, and again in 1964, the first civil rights
legislation in this nation in almost an entire century.
As majority leader of the United States Senate, I helped to guide two
of these bills through the Senate.
And, as your President, I was proud to
sign the third.
And now very soon we will have the fourth -- a new law
guaranteeing every American the right to vote.
No act of my entire administration will give me
than the day when
my
signature
makes
this bill too the
greater
satisfaction
law of this
land.
The voting rights bill will be the latest, and among the most important,
in a long series of victories.
But this victory --as Winston Churchill said
MORE
Page
of anoth«r triumph
for freedom--
beginning of the end.
That beginning
tumbling
down.
2
‘is not the
But it is, perhaps,
is freedom;
Freeéom
is the
end.
It is not even the
the end of the beginning. "'
and the barriers
right to share,
to that freedom
share
are
fully and equally,
in American society -- to vote, to hold a job, to enter a public place,
to goto school.
life as a person
It is the right to be treated in every part of our national
équal in dignity and promise
to all others.
But freedom is not enough.
You do not wipe away the scars of
centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where you want, or do as you
desire, and choose the leaders you please.
You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled by chains
and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line of a race and then say,
‘you are free to compete with all the others/'and still justly believe that
you have been completely fair.
our
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity.
citizens must have the ability to walk through those gates.
All
This is the next and the more profound stage of the battle for
civil rights.
We seek not just freedom but opportunity.
We seek not just
legal equity but human ability -- not just equality as a right and a theory,
but equality as a fact and equality as a result.
For the task is to give twenty million Negroes the same
chance as every other American to learn and grow, to work and share
in society, to develop their abilities --physi«--11, mental and spiritual,
to pursue their individual happiness.
and
To this end equal opportunity is essential, but not enough, not
enough.
Men and women of all races are born with the same range of
abilities.
But ability is not just the product of birth.
Ability is stretched
or stunted by the family you live with, and the neighborhood you live in,
by the school you go to and the poverty or the richness of your surroundings.
It is the product of a hundred unseen forces playing upon the little infant,
the child, and finally the man.
This graduating class at Howard University is witness to the
indomitable determination of the Negro American to win his way in American
life.
The number of Negroes in schools of higher learning has aimost
doubled in fifteen years.
The number of nonwhite professional workers
The median income of Negro college
has more than doubled in ten years.
And there are also
women tcnight exceeds that of white college women.
the enormous accomplishments of distinguished individual Negroes -- many
of them graduates o this institution, and one of them the first lady ambassador
in the history of the United States,
These are proud and impressive achievements.
But they tell
only the story of a growing middle class minority, steadily narrowing the
gap between them and their white counterparts,
MORE
Page
3
But for the great majority of Negro Americans --the poor,
the unemployed, the uprooted and the dispossessed -- there is a much
grimmer story.
They still, as we meet here tonight, are another nation.
Derpite the court orders and the laws, despite the legislative victories
and the speeches, for them the walls are rising and the gulf is widening.
Here
are
some
of the
facts
of this
American
failure.
Thirty five years ago the rate of unemployment for Negroes
was about the same.
Tonight the Negro rate is twice as high.
and whites
In 1948 the 8 per cent unemployment rate for Negro teenage
boys was actually less than that of whites.
By last year that rate had
grown to 23 per cent, as against 13 per cent for whites unemployed.
Between
1949 and 1959,
the income
of Negro
men
relative to
white men declined in every section of this country.
From 1952 to 1963
the median income of Negro families compared to white actually dropped
from
57 per
cent to 53 per cent.
In the years 1955 through 1957, 22 per cent of experienced
In 196)
Negro workers were out of work at some time during the year.
through 1963 that proportion had soared to 29 per cent.
decreased
decreased
Since 1947 the number of white families living in poverty has
27 per cent while the number of poorer nonwhite families
only 3 per cent.
The infant mortality of nonwhites in 1940 was 70 per cent
Twenty-two years later it was 90 per cent greater.
greater than whites.
Moreover, the isolation of Negro from white communities is ©
increasing,rather than decreasing as Negroes crowd into the central cities
and become a city within a city.
Of course Negro Americans as well as white Americans have
But the harsh fact of the matter
shared in our rising national abundance.
is thet in the battle for true equality too many are losing ground every day.
complex
do
know
We are not completely sure why thisis.
But we do know the two broad
and subtle.
that
we
have
to
We know the causes are
And we
basic reasons,
act.
First, Negroes are trapped --as many whites are trapped-- in
They are shut
They lack training and skills.
inherited, gateless poverty.
Private and public poverty combine
in slums, without decent medical care.
to cripple their capacities.
We are trying to attack these evils through our poverty program,
through our education program, through our medical care and our other
health programs and a dozen more of the Great Society programs that are
aimed at the root causes of this poverty.
We will increase, and we will accelerate, and we will broaden this
attack in years to come until this most enduring of foes finally yields to our
But there is a second cause -- much more difficult to
unyielding will.
It is the
explain, more deeply grounded, more desperate in its force.
devastating heritage of long years of slavery; and a century of oppression,
hatred and injustice.
MORE
Page
of
its
For Negro poverty
cures are the same.
obstinate
the
family,
differences
and
the
is not white poverty.
Many of its
But there are differences -- deep,
-» radiating
nature
4
of
the
painful
roots
individual.
into
the
causes and
corrosive,
community,
and
many
into
These differences are not racial differences.
They are solely and
simply the consequence of ancient brutality, past injustice, and present
prejudice.
They are anguishing to observe.
For the Negro they are a constant
reminder of oppression.
For the white they are a constant reminder of guilt.
But they must be faced and they must be dealt with and they must be overcome,
between Negroes and
if we are ever to reach the time when the only difference
whites is the color of their skin.
Nor can we find a complete
minorities. They made a valiant and
poverty and prejudice.
answer in
a largely
the experience of
successful effort
other American
to emerge from
The Negro, like these others, will have to rely mostly on his own
For they did not have the heritage
But he just can not do it alone.
efforts.
of centuries to overcome, and they did not have a cultural tradition which had
been twisted and battered by endless years of hatred and hopelessness, nor were
they excluded -- these others -- because of race or color -- a feeling whose
dark intensity is matched by no other prejudice in our society.
are
Nor can these differences be understood
They
They cause each other.
a seemless web.
reinforce
each
to
They
They
other.
Much of
It
circumstance.
We muxst
blanket.
are
infirmities.
each other.
as isolated
result from
liberate
the Negro community is buried under a blanket of history and
is not a lasting solution to lift just one corner of that
stand on all sides and we must raise the entire cover if we
our
fellow
citizens.
our
in
oes
Negr
of
n
tio
tra
cen
con
sed
rea
inc
the
is
es
enc
fer
dif
the
of
One
More than 73 percent of all Negroes live in urban areas compared with
cities.
Most
s.
slum
in
live
oes
Negr
e
thes
of
Most
es.
whit
the
of
ent
perc
70
than
less
of these Negroes live together -- a separated people.
Men
are
shaped
by
their
world.
When
it
by an invisible wall, when escape is arduous and
pressures of a more hopeful society are unknown,
can
desolate
the
is
a world
of
uncertain, and
it can cripple
decay,
the
the
ringed
saving
youth and
it
man.
There is also the burden that a dark skin can add to the search for a
Unemployment strikes most swiftly and broadly at
productive place in society.
Despair
Blighted hope breeds despair.
the Negro, and this burden eroces hope.
led
coup
air,
desp
And
out.
way
a
rs
offe
h
whic
ng
rni
lea
the
to
nce
ere
iff
brings ind
with indifference, is often the source of destructive rebellion against the
fabric of society.
There is also the lacerating hurt of early collision with white hatred
Other groups have felt similar
or prejudice, distaste or condescension.
not
do
They
.
away
it
wipe
d
coul
nt
eme
iev
ach
and
ess
succ
But
ce.
ran
intole
the
in
pain
ing
end
reh
omp
unc
this
seen
have
I
.
skin
s
man'
a
of
r
colo
the
ge
chan
schoolchild that I taught many years ago.
eyes of the little Mexican-American
.
open
ys
alwa
are
ds.
woun
the
,
many
for
But,
.
come
over
be
can
it
But
Perhaps
most
important
--
its
influence
radiating
to
every
part
of
all,
of
t
mos
,
this
For
.
ure
uct
str
ly
fami
o
Negr
the
of
own
akd
bre
the
life -- is
n
sio
res
opp
of
s
urie
cent
from
s
flow
It
ty.
ili
sib
pon
res
pt
acce
must
a
white Americ
on
ati
rad
deg
of
s
year
long
the
from
s
flow
It
man.
o
Negr
the
of
on
and persecuti
and discrimination, which have attacked his dignity and assaulted his ability
to provide for his family.
MORE
Page
5
This, too, is not pleasant to look
whose serious intent is to improve the
those
Only
a minority
tonight,
little
age of 18 having
moment,
lived
--
less
less
than
than
all their
upon.
But it must be faced
life of all Americans.
half
lives
--
of
all
with both
two-thirds
of their
are
at
child.
it
demaged.
on
happens
it
When
family
collapses
it
is
that
chance
are
to
part
Americans
expanding
learn
--
are
part
of
the
better
efforts
of
the
--
fronts
these
all
to
Johnson
other
of the
crippled.
is
completely
cut
to
are
for
Jobs
problems.
a man to provide
-- an equal
learn
to
Administration.
I will
--
more
dozen
a
and
by
heart
understanding
An
together
families
hold
to
designed
Care for the sick is part of the answer.
is another big part of the answer.
And
their
answer.
programs
Welfare and social
of the answer.
of
usually
itself
a chance
and
surroundings
in decent
homes
are
enough
be
There is no single easy answer to all of these
part of the answer.
They bring the income which permits
his family.
Decent
At this
to create conditions under
schools, and playgrounds,
never
will
the
Federally-aided
community
the
both
reach
More than any
and the values
children
to strengthen the family,
together --.¢11 the rest:
assistance, and private concern,
of despair and deprivation.
public
circle
the
scale
a massive
work
stay
So, unless we
most parents will
which
and
the
the
with
receive
The family is the cornerstone of our society.
shapes the attitude, the hopes, the ambitions,
And when
children
parents.
home
parents.
Probably a majority of all Negro children
public assistance sometime during their childhood.
force
Negro
by
all
the
dedicate
Nor do we fully understand
But there are other answers still to be found.
Therefore, I want to announce tonight that this fall
even all of the problems.
I intend to call a White House conference of scholars, and experts, and outstanding
Negro leaders -- men of both races -- and officials of Government at every level.
Rights."
This White
Its object
House conference's theme and title will be "To Fulfill These
Negro fuJfill the rights which,
will be to help the American
finally about to secure; to move beyond
after the long time of injustice, he is
opportunity to achievement; to shatter forever not only the barriers of law and
public practice, but the walls which bound the condition of man by the color of
his skin; to dissolve, as best we can, the antique enmities of the heart which
diminish the holder, divide the great democracy, and do wrong -- great wrong -to the children of God.
I
For
what
tonight
you
pledge
And
this
man
by
has
could
ruled
institutions,
of every
liberty.
It
justice?
Thus, American justice
been a land of towering
be
station
by
the
guided
and
by
common
origin
will
be
a
and in years to come.
of the program of all
and of my program next year,
I believe, it will be a part
is
this
men
is
to
themselves
-- would
be
of
all
subject
touched
--
goal
of
And I hope,
America.
the
fulfill
is a very special
It
expectations.
consent
chief
equally
and
I pray,
of
man.
For, from the first,
be a nation where each
enshrined
its
and
Administration,
expectations
fair
thing.
was to
to
my
rule.
in
in
iaw,
And
given
all
obligation
--
and
life
all
in
It was a rich land, glowing with more
Beyond the law lay the land.
Here, unlike any place yet known, all
abundant promise than man had ever seen.
were to share the harvest.
MORE
Page 6
And beyond this was the dignity of man.
Each could become
his qualities of mind and spirit would perm
-- to strive, to seek,
he could, to find his happiness.
This
of our
is American
imperfections,
So,
and what
thine
that here,
All
this
The
heart,
and we have
it is the glorious
wrong of the American
with the same immense
to realize
justice.
nation
thrill
at last,
it will take
country must
Scripture
which
We have
failed
to find
it for
the
to the
American
Negro.
edge
and, in so doing, to find America for ourselves,
of discovery which gripped those who first began
was a home for freedom.
is for all
become.
promises:
"I
of us
to understand
shall
light
shall not be put out.”
one lit,
it faithfully
opportunity of thie generation to end the one huge
Together, and with millions more,
understanding in the heart of all America.
And,
pursued
whatever
and, if
we
can
it will never again go out.
END
what
a candle
light
this
country
is
of understanding
in
that
candle
of
“THE
WHITE.MOUSE
WASHINGTON
2, 1965
June
My. Walter Reuther
President
United Auto Workers
Solidarity
8000
East
Dear
Mr.
House
Jefferson
Avenue
|
Detroit 14, Michigan ~
Reuther:
Thank you for the two publications you sent to me last week.
I have
found them both interesting and effective in their use of photography.
Visit
It.was a pleasure meeting
here.
Thank you again
and talking with you during your last
for your
kindness.
Sincerely,
Gk i G
Pi
J
1) f
¢
4-9"
wp
-
JA
¢
Yoichi R. Okamoto —
Staff Assistant
June 25,
Dear
1965
Jack:
It was good to have been able to say hello to you
briefly at the White House reception last Tuesday evening.
1 am having the UAW Washington office get the
large photograph of the President and the Vice President to
you on Tuesday of next week, I should appreciate it very
much if you could have the President autograph the photo
graph with a few friendly words and then get the photograph
over to the Vice President's office for his autograph.
It is always good to see you.
Kindest personal regards.
Sincerely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr.
Jack Valenti, Special Assistant
to the President
The White House
Washington,
D.
C.
JUL
WHEREAS:
6 1965
1s,
y
Ma
on
ss
re
ng
Co
the
to
e
ag
ss
me
his
in
n
so
hn
Jo
on
nd
Ly
t
Presiden
ge
(Wa
Act
rd
da
an
St
or
Lab
r
Fai
the
in
s
nge
cha
ic
bas
d
1965 recommende
and
Hours
Law)
which,
revisions
fundamental
if enacted,
that would
would
bring
two
necessary
benefit the low wage
worker
and
greatly;
and
WHEREAS:
r
ou
-h
ge
wa
the
of
ge
ra
ve
co
al
on
ti
di
ad
e
giv
ect
eff
these changes would in
le
ub
do
for
l
cal
d
ul
wo
and
s
er
rk
wo
n
io
ll
mi
lf
ha
elaw to some four and on
ive
ess
exc
wn
do
cut
to
ed
hop
is
it
ch
whi
h
oug
thr
me,
rti
ove
time for
and
;
et
rk
ma
or
lab
the
for
s
job
re
mo
ate
cre
and
me
ti
over
WHEREAS:
d
de
en
mm
co
re
o
als
has
t
en
id
es
Pr
the
s
on
ti
da
en
mm
in addition to these reco
em
st
sy
on
ti
sa
en
mp
co
nt
me
oy
pl
em
un
the
in
t
en
em
ov
pr
to the Congress im
h
wit
e
pac
t
kep
not
has
em
st
sy
e
"th
,
out
nts
which, as the President poi
al
gin
ori
its
ce
sin
de
ma
n
bee
e
hav
ts
en
em
ov
pr
im
r
jo
ma
No
the times.
enactment
30
years
ago'';
and
WHEREAS:
of
eal
rep
the
ss
re
ng
Co
the
to
d
de
en
mm
co
re
o
als
has
n
so
President John
the
of
ion
vis
pro
rk
wo
to
ht
rig
the
,
Act
ey
tl
ar
Section 14(B) of the Taft-H
ply
sim
ch
whi
but
job
a
to
ht
rig
the
h
wit
do
to
g
hin
not
Act which has
n
the
,
be)
uld
sho
it
d
(an
ed
eal
rep
is
n
tio
sec
the
if
t
stated means tha
s
er
oy
pl
em
h
wit
ts
en
em
re
ag
ate
oti
neg
can
ons
uni
ir
the
h
workers throug
al
gin
ori
the
h
oug
thr
en
giv
s
er
rk
wo
to
ty
uri
sec
which will give union
Wagner Act; and
WHEREAS:
t
ues
req
the
ing
lud
inc
,
ss
re
ng
Co
the
to
als
pos
pro
President Johnson's
ic
om
on
Ec
and
on
ti
ma
to
Au
,
gy
lo
no
ch
Te
on
on
si
is
mm
Co
to the National
of
ter
mat
the
of
n
io
at
er
id
ns
co
ll
''fu
da
en
ag
its
on
Progress to include
s
er
rk
wo
for
s
ect
eff
l
cia
efi
ben
and
ng
hi
ac
re
rfa
e
hav
work periods" can
everywhere in the Nation; and
WHEREAS:
is
bas
the
on
als
pos
pro
the
for
t
por
sup
its
ted
ica
ind
has
the AFL-CIO
y;
om
on
ec
al
ion
nat
the
n
the
eng
str
ld
wou
and
now
ed
ed
ne
are
y
that the
therefore
be
it
RESOLVED:
t
en
id
es
Pr
of
t
or
pp
su
in
rd
co
re
on
go
O,
that UAW Local 157, AFL-CI
ss
re
ng
Co
the
to
e
ag
ss
me
r
bo
la
his
in
s
al
os
Johnson's program and prop
on May 18, 1965; and be it finally
RESOLVED:
B.
on
nd
Ly
t
en
id
es
Pr
to
t
sen
be
on
ti
lu
so
Re
that copies of this
W
UA
,
rt
Ha
lip
Phi
and
ra
ma
Na
Mc
k
ic
tr
Pa
rs
Michigan Senato
n.
me
ss
re
ng
Co
an
ig
ch
Mi
all
to
and
r
he
ut
Re
ter
Wal
June 20, 1965
Adopted:
Local 157 UAW Joint
By:
Council
Delegate
Jack Vartoogian, Chairman
Committee
C.0.P.E.
es /oeiu42afl-cio
July 2,
1965
Johnson,
President
Body
wave?
UNITED
157—
International
Union
AUTOMOBILE, AEROSPACE AND AGRICULTURAL
IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF AMERICA
AFL-CIO
5961 FOURTEENTH STREET
DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48208
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 9, 1965
My
dear
picture
Walter:
The President has
as you requested.
I have
forwarded
President who wil send
he is finished with it.
autographed the
it to the
Vice
it direct to you when
Sincerely,
Special Assi
Mr. Walter Reuther
President
United Auto Workers
8000 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit
14,
Michigan
t to the President
OP
nhc
NOMI eo
grt.
Sf
RSS
aR
Pee
AIRES SSI
ROE
PSS
EEN
ANSE
SEN
wo
Oe
ER
Se
ee
A
ea
a
JUL 26 1965
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
July 22,
Dear
Mr.
1965
Reuther:
e
r
u
s
a
e
l
p
s
'
t
n
e
d
i
s
e
r
P
e
th
It was
oot
ph
d
e
s
o
l
c
n
e
e
th
h
p
a
r
g
to auto
al
on
ti
di
ad
e
th
u
yo
nd
se
to
d
an
h
p
a
gr
prints.
With
best
wishes,
Personal Secretary
to the President
August 20,
1965
Mrs. Juanita D. Roberts
Personal Secretary to the President
The White House
Washington, D. C.
Dear Mrs.
Roberts:
Mr. Reuther appreciates your forwarding the
photographs which the President autographed and asked me to
express
tion.
his thanks.
They are valuable
additions
to his
collec~-
Sincerely yours,
oeiu 42
(Mrs.) Otha Brown, Secretary to
Reuther
P.
Walter
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
August
Dear
Mr.
2, 1965
Reuther:
The President has asked me to send you
the attached pen used when he signed H. R.
6675, the Medicare Bill.
With
best
wishes,
Sincerel
Lawrence
Special
to
Mr.
Walter
P.
the
- O'Brien
sistant
esident
Reuther
President
International
8000
East
Detroit,
Union,
Jefferson
Michigan
Enclosure
UAW,
Avenue
AFL-CIO
AUG
3 1965
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
August
tH
Dear
6,
1965
*%
Mr.
Reuther:
The President has asked me to send you
the attached pen used when he signed S.
1564, the Voting Rights Bill of 1965.
With
best
wishes,
Sincer
. O'Brien
ssistant
Lawrenc
Special
to
the
resident
Mr. Walter P. Reuther
President
UAW
AFL-CIO
8000 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit,
Enclosure
Michigan
SY
AUG
9 1965
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August 3,
OE ee eS
1965
Mr. Lawrence F. O'Brien
Special Assistant to the President
|
The White House
Washington, D. C.
Regret Mr.
Reuther not returning from Europe until August 7th.
He
therefore will be denied the privilege and pleasure of viewing the signing
of the Community Mental Health Centers Act Amendments
Otha Brown,
oeiu 42
Walter
P.
on August 4th.
Secretary to
Reuther
-
fe
.
eee
:
wae
ase
gets
INDUSTRIAL UNION DEPARTMENT
Recaree eee
815
SIXTEENTH
STREET,
N.
W.,
WASHINGTON,
August
To:
Walter
10,
D.
C.
20006
°
EXECUTIVE
3-5581
WALTER
P. REUTHER
PRESIDENT
1965
JAMES B. CAREY
SECRETARY-TREASURER
Reuther
ry,
From:
Jack
Beidle
"
2
3
§
§
«
7 t
Re:
Was
sen,
Reapportionment
The defeat
of the Dirksen
amendment
last
setback
of considerable
substance
for Mr.
a
but
it
seems
to
act
as
a
burr
under
his
week
Dirk-
saddle,
The attached newspaper clipping indicates he
to negotiate with Katzenbach in preparation for
fight next year.
wants
a new
A year ago, when we had to filibuster against
the Dirksen-Mansfield rider to the Foreign Aid Bill
which fiddled with the Supreme Court's jurisdiction
on reapportionment,
Dirksen gained considerable prestige for his actions
through the fact that Katzenbach
helped him draft his amendment,
It
this
seems
from
to me
happening
that
again,
we
ought
to
try
to
prevent
As far as I can tell,
the President did not take
part in this fight on the grounds
that the President has
no constitutional responsibility for constitutional amendments,
although Humphrey was in the thick of it.
The
President
could stick to this neutrality
logically by ordering his Attorney General to keep away from Dirksen,
I suggest you call both Humphrey and the President
urging that the Attorney General be instructed to Stay
Clear of Dirksen on this issue,
Jack Conway concurs,
JHB:kb
VICE
PRESIDENTS:
oeiu
2
1 W.
ABEL
A.
cSGEESD
33
F.
HARTUNG
WILLIAM
JOSEPH
°
POLLOCK
A.
ALBERT
°
2
BEIRNE
J.
FRANK
HAYES
e
e
ROSENBLUM
GEORGE
BURDON
°
JOSEPH
RALPH
HELSTEIN
°
Oo. A.
”
LOUIS
STULBERG
*
®
CURRAN
KNIGHT
ARNOLD
°
KARL
WALTER
ZANDER
L.
FELLER
*
MAX
MITCHELL
°
PAUL
F.
GREENBERG
L.
PHILLIPS
'
1
By ANDREW
The
J. GLASS
Special to The Inquirer
And
N.
Y.
Tribune.
Herald
.\ment
over
battle
reached an
|Wednesday
night
apex
when
to attract
designed
reapportion- safeguards
ob
et
me
to
d
an
t
or
pp
su
er
id
|w
last
the'jections raised
by
such
critics
),
Y.
N.
.,
(R
ts
yi
Ja
b
co
Ja
n.
Se
s
)a
by
ed
il
fa
t
en
dm
en
am
n
se
rk
Di
-|
en
—S
7.
- ‘WASHINGTON, Aug.
o
wh
s
an
ic
bl
pu
Re
e
re
th
of
e
on
-|
ed
ne
e
th
in
ta
at
to
s
te
vo
n
ve
se
t!
et
er
Ev
er
ad
le
ate Republican
ad
le
ty
ri
no
mi
the
t
ns
ai
ag
d
te
vo
.
ty
ri
jo
ma
te
na
Se
ds
ir
th
otw
g
|,q
.
y
a
d
s
e
n
d
‘Dirksen plans to overhaul his
e
W
st
la
l
a
s
o
p
o
r
p
’s
er
"
Y
a
e
k
by
t
n
e
m
d
n
e
m
a
l
constitutiona
|
o
m
e
th
at
u
o
y
ll
te
t
’
n
a
c
“7
/
39
d
n
a
r
fo
67
s
a
w
y
ll
ta
e
h
T
s
’
t
r
u
o
C
passing the Supreme
’
,”
be
ll
wi
e
om
tc
ou
e
th
at
wh
nt
me
|
n
to
Be
rl
‘o
t
‘one-man, one-vote” edic
all
et
me
I
if
ut
“b
,
id
sa
n
se
rk
Di
-|
rk
Di
,
wn
do
ow
sh
the
re
fo
Be
|
for
rt
fo
ef
t
-ou
all
an
to launch
e
‘se
t
n’
do
I
ns
io
ct
je
ob
ir
the
of
s
ort
eff
his
w
ne
re
to
d
we
vo
n
se
t}
af
dr
d
se
vi
re
the
of
enactment
|
to send
as soon as Congress
|
if
es
en
nv
reco
he were
beaten.
Leaders
of how
they
could
refuse
k
o
f
u
’’
or.
flo
the
to
it
d!
ul
wo
he
ed
ar
fe
r
bo
la
ed
iz
an
rg
jo
y.
ar
nu
pext Ja
eshis
d
an
n
io
ct
fe
de
’
ts
vi
Ja
;
the
ch
ta
at
to
at
re
th
A new version of the contro-|carry out a
nio
rt
po
ap
re
n
ow
his
of
al
us
po
t/
ou
ng
pi
wi
l
bil
a
- versial reapportionment propos-|amendment to
ed
iv
pr
de
d
ha
t
en
dm
en
am
t
en
/m
19
in
ws
la
”
-al will be written next week for)“‘right - to- work
. Saturday.
-
'
P -
.}
Pipe
|
ley Act.
“=
|
diciary
Committee. —
inn
ai
ag
d
ul
co
n
se
rk
Di
e
il
Wh
-|
how
,
er
ad
The Republican le
It is certain to require’ the|
ge
ti
es
pr
y
ar
nt
me
ia
rl
pa
his
e
ok
|v
ed
er
ve
ve
ha
to
s
ar
people of a State to reapportion'ever, appe
adon
nt
be
te
na
Se
a
up
tie
to
to|
s,
es
oc
pr
the
in
orice | course and,
legislative’ houses
both
he
t
tha
ed
ar
pe
ap
it
t,
en
nm
ur
jo
-|
ad
of
s
pe
ho
lhave brightened
every 10 years.
his
ct
re
di
re
th
or
ef
nc
he
ld
ou
|w
dmi
by
ss
He said he would soon seek |journing Congre
y
ar
ci
di
Ju
the
rd
wa
to
ts
for
lef
_
r.
be
em
pt
Se
l!
ra
ne
Ge
ey
rn
to
At
om
fr
ce
vi
ad
|
it:
put
he
As
e.
te
it
mm
Co
-|
rk
Di
the
,
rm
fo
In its revised:
Nicholas Katzenbach on a re,
tle
bat
a
in
re
u’
yo
en
Wh
‘‘
-|
per
ll
sti
d
ul
wo
vised formula to “take accountjsen amendment
}:
will
I
.
ys
da
li
ho
no
are
re
he
|t
sgi
le
e
at
St
a
of
e
us
ho
e
on
t
mi
t)
tha
m
is
ic
it
cr
us
io
ev
pr
all
of
ar
ye
s
thi
n
ca
I
st
be
e
th
h
us
|p
by
.
d
ne
io
rt
po
ap
be
to
re
tu
la
ni
so
hn
Jo
e,
Th
.”’
sed
rai
en
has be
it
en
th
d
ee
cc
su
t
n’
do
we
if
d
an
-j
ti
li
po
d
an
y
ph
ra
og
ge
of
s
or
ct
fa
ly
ial
fic
“of
s
ha
Administration
busi-
of
r
de
or
st
fir
e
th
be
l
il
|w
by
an
th
er
th
ra
,
ns
io
is
iv
bd
su
al
-yemained neutral in the Senate|c
n
.i
on
si
es
‘s
w
ne
thé
in
ss
Ine
.
"
o
s
c
e.
conflict over the Dirksen amend-|population alon
.
a
”
y.
ar
nu
Ja
w
ne
y.
rr
ca
r,
ve
we
ho
l,
wil
st
J
9)
:
s"
es
‘mont,
PMOLOe
atid EET
NN NiaICN SENN
IEEITIT MON
CH
ME MRS
HME
PIT
EMal Malena
St. Louis
don
afte.
and took
taken girl to K
allow Swindle
granted hr
Y
wr
ree <
es
at
St
)
the
,
te
na
Se
the
to
on
si
is
bm
su
-.
revealed Section
Republican
- Yllinois
ty
ri
jo
ma
a
of
es
rc
fo
’s
en
ks
ir
|D
of
l
ea
ep
-r
the
through
-Ju
te
na
Se
r
be
em
-m
16
the
n
|i
tar
-H
ft
14.(B) of the Ta
Intec-Ofgice Communication
August
To
Walter
From
Nat Weinberg
Subject New
Dear
P.
13,
1965
Reuther
Material on All-American
Small
Car
Walter:
Attached are two sets of the following:
(1) a copy
each of the old memos on the small car proposal (2) a memo
which updates the background data presented in the old memos,
(3) a memo on recent developments in American Motors which
also notes some of the potential consequences of a continuing decline.
These are all prepared in a form which would enable you to leave
them
with
American
President
Johnson.
The earlier proposal could be adapted
Motors in the following ways:
l.
If American
of the project (after the
been obtained privately)
share of the stock, and
meiethe
corporation.
correspondingly larger
financial position.
Motors
were
the
to help out
ostensible
initiator
concurrence of the other companies
it would have a plausible claim to a
therefore, of the profits of the joint
Its
other participating companies.
share of the profits would strengthen
had
larger
venture
AMC's
The other companies participating in the joint
2.
venture corporation could be given an effective voice in the control
of the joint venture corporation by providing that voting stock in
that corporation would be equally divided among all the participating
companies (e.g., 20 percent each for AMC, GM, Ford, Chrysler
and Willys) with AMC, as the initiator, given additional non-voting
Thus, concurrence of three of the five participating companies
shares.
would be necessary for a majority decision by the joint venture
corporation.
Page
Walter P. Reuther
August 13, 1965
3,
American
Motors
body
an
ic
er
Am
lAl
e
th
d
il
bu
to
ed
us
be
would
and assembly
car,
with AMC
2
facilities
appropriately
e
us
ca
be
l
ca
gi
lo
be
d
ul
wo
is
Th
.
es
ti
li
ci
fa
e
os
th
of
e
us
r
fo
d
compensate
t
an
ic
if
gn
si
ve
ha
to
s
ar
pe
ap
h
ic
wh
s
ie
an
mp
co
e
th
of
e
on
ly
on
AMC is the
on
ti
sa
en
mp
Co
.
me
ti
t
en
es
pr
e
th
at
es
ti
li
ci
fa
ly
mb
se
as
d
an
dy
bo
ss
exce
d
an
s
st
co
ad
he
er
ov
it
un
s
C'
AM
ce
du
re
d
ul
wo
es
ti
li
ci
fa
its
for use of
thus strengthen its financial position.
g
on
al
y,
it
un
rt
po
op
e
th
ve
ha
In addition, AMC would
4.
mco
d
an
s
rt
pa
e
ur
ct
fa
nu
ma
to
s,
ie
an
mp
co
g
in
at
ip
ic
rt
pa
r
he
ot
e
th
with
r
fo
de
ma
w
no
s
rt
pa
e
th
of
me
So
r,
ca
n
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
l
l
A
e
th
r
fo
s
ponent
e.
os
rp
pu
is
th
r
fo
le
ab
it
su
ly
ar
ul
ic
rt
AMC's American might be pa
d
ul
wo
t,
ec
oj
pr
e
th
of
r
to
ia
it
in
AMC, as the ostensible
5,
g
in
ic
rv
se
d
an
g
in
ll
se
in
s
er
al
de
s
it
r
fo
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p
m
ai
cl
also be able to
,
e
l
p
m
a
x
e
r
fo
t,
ou
d
e
k
r
o
w
be
t
gh
mi
t
n
e
m
e
g
n
a
r
r
a
An
r.
ca
the AlleAmerican
r
ei
th
in
r
ca
l
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participating companies.
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which would result from
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the availability of
FOR IMMED'ATE RELEASE
AUGUST 17, 1965
OFF Ci
OF THE
WHITH
HOUSE
PRESS
SECRETARY
THE WHITE HOUSE
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT
AT THE CEREMONY
COMMEMORATINT THE FOURTH ANNIVERSARY
OF THE
ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS
(in The #ast Room)
(10:25 Abi EDT)
ir. Vice vresident, Secretary Rusk,
members of the Cabinet, dist:nguished friends
citize
ofns
the Americas:
the
Four
greatest
almost
five
ecntinent.
mill:.on
years
perhaps
centuries
.t was
agc,
s.nes
azo.
nothing
this
hemisphere
a unknown
less
than
4% was to reach into the
peoole, touching each with
embarked wpan
[talian
to
distinguished ambassadors,
in the Congress, my fellow
mariner
transform
the
a great
touched
life
of
adventure
these
an
shores
--
entire
home and the villages of more
great hope and expectation.
than
200
it was to replace privilege with social justice, end unchanging
poverty with economic progress.
Where there was disease we would bring
health.
Where there was ignorance we would bring learning.
We would feed
the hungry and we would shelter the homeless and we would do all of this
as free men making liberty the companion of progress.
The adventure begen in a dozen scattered spots.
In Columbia,
the ict of Bogata, was signed
In Caracas, Romulo Betancourt moved a nation
from dictatorship to a living and hopeful democracy.
In Costa Rica, and
Mexico, and in wany otherplaces,
new standarés were being shaved; old
creams werc taking on fresh meaning.
Across the hemisphere revolution was
‘nm tne a.r, promsinz these three this:
freedom, and justice, and progress.
this
And then é11 of these growing,
A brillient new President of
room.
to his
fellow
citizens
of
Fitzgerald Kennedy called
magnitude and nobility of
pesnle
«.
this: nemisphere,
for "a vast
purpose, to
resistless
the United
and
with
docperdt tive
satisfy the
forces
States
unmatched
That Act was a turning point, not only in sia
but in the long history of freedom itself.
MORE
on
himself
vision,
John
effort unparalleled in
basic needs of the American
|
And five months later -- four years ago today
Uruguay, twenty American Republics solemnly resolved to
carry forward an Alliance for Progress.
World,
converged
addressed
-- on the
establish
history
of
coast of
and to
the
(OVER)
New
Page
immense, almost
‘The tasks were
almost beyond fulfillment.
soaring,
were
hopes
The
achievement.
beyond
almost
were » towering,
goals
The
2
But entire nations are not stirred to action by timid
beyond capacity.
The faith and will of millions do not take fire
words or narrow visions.
And if the reality of
brands that are muffled in reluctance.and fear.
ht
ig
br
be
t
st
en
mu
em
ev
hi
te
ac
ma
ti
ul
ce
of
an
di
ra
the
,
ow
sl
be
to
s
ss
wa
re
prog
enough to compel the efforts and the sacrifice of generations.
If our Alliance was suffused with compassion and idealism, it
also responded to the most real and the most urgent necessities of our time.
People long oppressed demanded their share
Our continent is in ferment.
alternative
the
tranquility
to
alternative,
only
or we
changelessness.
It
and destruction
to bloodshed
to preserve
is
and
it
alternative,
the
tyranny.
the
in
unawares
enlist
the
by
Almost from the moment of birth,
But
doubt.
And if
we have
men
faith
rooted
of
in
the Alliance for Progress was
every
held
country
tn four
and swelling
45 billion dollars
nations
of
development.
countries and
At
years,
the
in grants,
Latin America
And more than
international
the heart
flood
United
of resources
States
in loans,
have
alone
22-24
an extra billion
agencies.
are
to this
contributed
almost
in goods, and in expert assistance.
channelled
of Alliance
Alliance for
experts tell
American Common
contributes
has
do.
of forward movement ,
the history of this
Last year, latin America as a whole exceeded the
Progress target of es percent per capita growth rate.
Our
me that we will do the same this year.
And in the Central
Market the growth is almost seven percent.
progress.
to
firm
they have not really reached the farthest limit of
done much; more, indeed, than many believed we could
This four years has been the greatest period
progress and fruitful change that we have ever made in
hemisphere.
And that pace is now increasing.
A large
so
justice
when
are to live in such a time
faith with opportunity.
How fortunate we
with necessity and
the purpose.
expectation,
The
For
and
We will shape the future through the principles of our Alliance
will find it swallowed up in violence that is bred of desperation.
mingles
beset
and
those who struggle
destroyers.
And
own
past is gone.
ranks of their
is not the
social revolution of the Alliance
The peaceful democratic
to man.
the modern world can offer
and the dignity which
of the blessings
the
billion
dollars
has
twin urgencies
dollars
come
from
into
other
of planning
and
reform.
Ten nations have already submitted development programs, and
others are on the way.
Fourteen nations now have major tax reforts under
way, and their rate of tax collection is steadily increasing.
Fourteen
nations have now instituted land reform programs.
Others are confronting
the growing importance of population control.
One government after another
is determined to reconcile reform and economic growth with the struggle
against destructive inflation.
And this morning I salute those -- the
people of Brazil -- who have helped to lead the way.
and
made
the
in my
own
country
usefulness
of our
in the
last year
remarkable
progress.
we
have
constantly
own participation
and a half we have
worked
to
improve
in the Alliance,
loaned
over
the
speed
and we have
847 million
dollars
--
and that is almost 150 million dollars more than was loaned in the entire two .
full preceding years combined.
The number of loans is increasing.
The amount
of investment guarantee is on the rise.
Housing guarantees have gone up
twenty times in the last two years.
MORE
Page
3
So you see in both the United States and Latin America we are
moving more and moreswiftly to meet the obligations and to reach the goals
that we set in
3
been
have
that
hopes
that
have
been
the
met,
children
suffering
human
food
people
the
countless
stories
has been
that
relieved,
million
-- thirteen
m
iance
fr
theo
All
of human
programs.
of them
now have
produced.
new classrooms,
and
textbooks have
ten million
and human
little
A million
than 14 million people already have new homes.
Nore
children
lie
statistics
million
receiving
-- are
Progress.
fulfilled.
Twenty-five
|
been
Ana behind
|
needs
the Alliance. for
already
Hundreds and hundreds of thousands now can find relief from
suffering in more than 850.hospitals and health centers
that have
already
been
placed
into
operation.
and health units
More than 100 million people today are protected from malaria.
And all across the face of the hemisphere new roads are being constructed.
And institutions for savings and credit
Electric power lines are going up.
and development are already opening new doors.
But, perhaps more importantly, the
These are important gains.
banners of reform, of social justice, of economic progress have been seized
by governments and by leaders and by parties throughout this hemisphere.
Elections are fought and elections are won on the principles of the Alliance.
And where once the light of hope flickered in very few places, today it
In the oppressed countryside and in the desperate
burns in many nations.
slums, growing numbers of people know that far away in distant capitals -under different slogans and with varying success -- their leaders are
working to brighten their days and to ensure their dignity.
For the fact is, even though the forces of injustice and privilege
and tyranny still hold many fortresses, they are on the defensive today.
And we can say, far more surely than we once could, that their final day
is
coming.
But whatever we have accomplished, we all know that the road ahead
If many have been
is longer and it is more steep than the way behind.
If some are
helped, then there are many more that are still untouched.
newly free, there are millions that are still shackled by poverty and
disease
before,
now
making.
So,
to
First,
rests; to attract
Latin America; to
this
end,
to build
we
must
modern
all
the
increase
industry
and
the
efforts
structures
a growing flow of private investment and
speed up the process of social reform.
But it is not
From the experience and
years, we can now shape
than
have made more progress
we should, andw must.
If we
and ignorance and malnutrition.
as we have, we have made far less than
just enough to continue
the achievement and the
new directions.
that
we
are
on which
technology
it
to
doing what we are doing.
failures of the first four
Recently I received -- as did the other American Presidents -The leadership
a letter from CIAP suggesting changes and new departures.
of this organization is itself one of our very healthiest developments.
And I pledge that my Government will review this letter with great care
and sympathy.
MORE
(OVER)
Page4
already
But
from this
the
see
letter -- and from our own
First,
emphasis.
of future
shape
we must
step
|
up our efforts
-- we can
experience
to prevent
disastrous changes
aml
to search for ways
so
of
d
oo
bl
fe
li
e
th
e
ar
h
ic
wh
s
ie
it
od
mm
co
c
si
ba
e
os
th
in the prices of
-on
nd
Lo
in
ek
we
is
th
d
di
we
as
-ue
in
nt
co
ll
wi
We
s.
ie
om
many of our econ
to strengthen
to
stabilize
the
the
operation
price
of
of the coffee
agreement
'
cocoa.
e
th
r
fo
et
rk
ma
g
in
nd
pa
ex
y
rl
la
gu
re
a
in
ta
We will try to main
:
AP
CI
e
th
th
wi
nt
te
is
ns
co
d
An
a.
ic
er
Am
n
ti
La
by
ed
uc
od
pr
is
at
sugar th
e
th
e
at
in
im
el
ss
re
ng
Co
at
th
n
oo
rn
te
af
recommendations, I will propose this
n
ti
La
e
th
to
go
ll
wi
e
ic
pr
ll
fu
e
th
at
th
so
r
ga
su
on
e
special import fe
|
ae
:
|
American producers.
|
Second,
we
must
try
to
draw
the
economies
of Latin
America
much
of
t
tha
s
rm
fi
af
re
a
ic
er
Am
l
ra
nt
Ce
of
ce
en
ri
pe
ex
The
.
er
th
ge
to
closer
tos
ad
le
-rs
ie
rr
ba
ff
ri
ta
of
n
ow
kd
Widered markets -- the brea
Europe.
increased trade
prosperity.
and
leads
to more
efficient
MORE
production
and
to greater
The United
to
resources
Alliance
By building
projects.
which
States
creation
the
divided
have
suggests,
CIAP
as
of a new
systems,
road
areawide
for
fund
its
from
contribute
preparing multinational
which
yiver basins
by developing
the
we can help dissolve
communications,
by improving
cross boundaries,
barriers
will,
|
the nations.
his
bl
ta
es
e
th
er
id
ns
co
ll
wi
s
on
ti
na
an
ic
er
Am
e
th
pe
ho
I
,
on
In additi
yit
un
mm
Co
l
ee
St
d
an
al
Co
an
pe
ro
Eu
ment of a program -- patterned after the
,
er
iz
il
rt
fe
of
s,
si
l
ba
ta
en
in
nt
co
a
for the production and trade, on
and
My
pesticides,
production.
that are needed to increase agricultural
willing to help in such a venture.
other products
country stands
we
that he never imagined,
And thus, in ways
to the dream of Bolivar.
|
closer
can move much
,
re
He
.
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
n
i
t
a
L
l
ra
ru
of
s
ed
ne
e
th
e
z
i
s
a
h
p
m
e
Third, we must
|
le
op
pe
e
th
lf
ha
,
re
He
r.
ai
sp
de
d
an
y
t
r
e
v
o
p
ct
je
ab
st
mo
e
th
of
e
en
sc
is the
n
o
i
t
a
d
n
u
o
f
e
th
at
th
,
e
d
i
s
y
r
t
n
u
o
c
e
th
in
,
re
he
is
it
d
An
.
ve
of Latin America li
n
o
i
of
t
a
c
i
f
i
s
r
e
v
i
d
e
th
h
g
u
o
r
h
T
t.
il
bu
of a modern economy will finally be
g
n
i
s
a
e
r
c
n
i
h
g
u
o
r
h
T
.
s
t
c
u
d
o
r
p
rt
po
ex
w
fe
a
on
e
c
n
e
d
n
e
p
e
d
e
s
a
e
r
c
e
d
n
ca
we
crops,
h
g
u
o
r
h
T
.
le
op
pe
n
ow
r
ei
th
ed
fe
n
ca
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
n
ti
La
of
s
e
i
r
t
n
u
o
c
e
th
,
n
o
producti
we can provide
farm income,
increasing
as
And we must,
|
direct
suggests,
also
CIAP
for new industry.
growing markets
effort
of our
more
gs
in
be
n
ma
hu
l
a
u
d
i
v
i
d
n
i
of
s
ve
li
e
th
h
uc
to
y
l
t
c
e
r
i
d
h
ic
wh
gs
in
th
e
thos
And it is not enough simply to
s.
ed
ne
e
os
th
et
me
y
l
e
t
a
m
i
t
l
u
economy will
a growing
present;
in the
exist
food.
and
health,
education,
housing,
we must
and
them
fight
in the
toward
--
say
that
r
ai
sp
de
d
an
in
pa
d
an
ry
Mise
all we have
with
present
.
n
o
i
s
s
a
p
m
o
c
d
of
an
mm
co
e
th
ly
on
t
This is no
and the best way we can.
s
nk
ba
d
an
s
e
i
r
o
t
c
a
f
r
Fo
.
om
sd
wi
of
l
se
un
co
e
th
,
e
z
i
n
g
o
c
e
r
It is, as we all
|
n
o
d
n
A
.
on
ti
na
a
d
il
bu
le
op
Pe
.
on
ti
na
a
d
il
bu
e
on
al
t
no
do
and dollars
r
ei
th
h;
it
fa
r
ei
th
d
an
e
g
d
e
l
w
on their health and their kno
e
th
d
an
us
of
l
al
of
re
tu
fu
and their sacrifice, rests the
|
.
nations.
those people,
participation
future of all
my
This
country and
is the common thread which runs
the Alliene for Progress in all
through the
countries.
Society
Great
in
e
li
h
ic
wh
s
sk
ta
ny
ma
e
th
of
wfe
a
ly
on
d
an
-w
fe
a
e
ar
These
nd
co
se
e
th
te
le
mp
co
to
r
bo
la
to
g
in
rn
mo
is
th
re
he
et
me
we
as
us
re
fo
be
:
revolution of the Americas.
s
nd
ma
de
t
en
pm
lo
ve
De
s.
es
oc
pr
l
ca
ti
ac
pr
a
is
t
en
pm
lo
ve
de
of
The task
,
ve
ti
ia
it
in
ns
ma
de
It
.
nt
me
dg
ju
It demands careful
leadership.
skilled
ingenuity,
it
t
Bu
y.
it
il
ib
ss
po
by
ed
er
mp
and imagination that is firmly te
an
is
It
d.
en
om
s
it
t
no
is
ss
re
og
pr
r
ou
r
Fo
.
re
mo
g
in
th
me
so
s
also demand
d
an
h
it
fa
on
d
il
bu
st
mu
we
so
d
An
n.
ma
of
y
it
gn
di
e
th
e
rg
la
instrument to en
of
rk
ma
ng
ri
du
en
d
an
t
an
st
si
re
e
th
e
ar
h
ic
wh
es
lu
va
e
os
th
on
on belief and
our
civilization.
e
th
in
e
ar
sh
to
ce
an
ch
e
th
ve
ha
This means that each man should
s
es
oc
pr
ng
ti
ra
be
li
at
th
in
e
at
ip
ic
rt
pa
ld
ou
sh
ch
Ea
.
on
ti
na
s
hi
affairs of
ce
an
li
Al
r
ou
to
l
ta
en
am
nd
fu
is
It
y.
ac
cr
mo
de
as
ow
kn
we
at
th
e
of self-rul
be
ld
ou
sh
le
op
pe
r
ou
of
l
al
at
th
d
an
ee
fr
be
ld
ou
sh
s
on
ti
na
that all of our
a part
of
countries,
that
indeed
goal for this
be
freedom.
@ success
It
for
entire
until
all
We
have
the
people
continent.
that
is
is to protect
not
And,
yet
of my
own
that
country.
however we build,
accomplished.
thatright
achieved
of
for
all
But
of
that
our
is
our
the Alliance will not
self-determination
that
the
OAS
e
th
e
ar
sh
u
yo
of
l
al
at
th
ow
kn
I
.
ic
bl
pu
Re
n
ca
ni
mi
Do
e
th
in
s
rk
wo
today
e
th
by
d
an
ic
bl
pu
Re
n
ca
ni
mi
Do
e
th
by
en
os
ch
,
nt
me
rn
ve
go
re
tu
fu
e
wish that th
l
ra
be
li
of
es
pl
ci
in
pr
e
th
to
d
te
vo
de
be
ll
wi
,
es
lv
se
em
th
le
op
pe
n
ca
Domini
my
of
n
io
nt
te
in
e
th
ll
we
as
e
ar
sh
u
yo
at
th
d
an
e;
ie
st
ju
al
ci
so
d
an
democracy
.
nd
la
d
re
ar
sc
fe
ri
st
d
an
ry
mo
me
at
th
d
il
bu
re
em
th
lp
he
to
y
tr
un
co
MORE
its
to find
institutions and free
its
to select
-- free
cthers
all
an equal with
as
walk
mist
small--
free
that
This also-meens
r is great or
--whetheit
nation
eath man's
diversity
that
also means
This
each man must
of affairs--
conduct
and the
wisdom.
even
perhaps
and,
strength
draw
all
I think we will
--practice
tradition
so
future
to the
way
ow
soclety,
its
And from this enriching
long as it respects the rights of its fellows.
of custom and
shape
to
in
to share
have a chance
y
an
te
ea
cr
t
no
d
di
d
Go
.
s
s
e
r
g
o
r
p
re
tu
fu
in
e
ar
sh
to
d
an
t
i
f
e
n
e
b
t
n
e
s
e
r
p
man to live in unseen chains, laboring through a life of pain to heap the
n
ca
he
at
th
nd
la
to
d
e
v
a
l
s
n
e
e
b
ld
No farmer shou
table of a favored few.
never
own.
No family
for toil.
of reward
stripped
No worker should be
r
ei
th
of
s
n
o
i
t
a
g
i
l
b
o
e
th
pe
ca
es
rs
he
ot
e
l
i
h
w
e
c
i
f
i
r
c
a
s
to
d
e
l
l
should be compe
"Indeed," said Thomas Jefferson, "I tremble for my country when I
society.
ng
lo
as
t
n
e
n
i
t
n
o
c
r
ou
r
fo
e
l
b
m
e
r
t
ly
re
su
st
mu
We
reflect that Cod is just."
of injustice.
s
ll
wa
e
th
by
d
e
t
c
e
t
o
r
p
h
s
i
r
u
as any live and flo
l
l
i
w
s
s
e
r
g
o
r
p
en
th
s
d
n
a
l
r
ou
l
al
in
s
d
n
a
m
m
o
c
e
s
e
h
t
If we follow
or
,
t
s
e
r
e
t
n
i
or
,
s
s
e
n
k
a
e
w
to
em
th
e
c
i
f
i
r
c
a
s
we
if
t
Bu
.
s
m
a
e
r
d
r
ou
l
l
i
fulf
.
n
o
i
t
a
l
o
s
e
d
of
nd
ha
e
th
e
m
o
c
e
b
l
l
i
w
s
d
l
i
u
b
at
th
d
n
a
h
e
th
en
th
,
e
s
i
m
o
r
to false p
m
the
low
fol
to
ing
try
,
how
w
kno
I
t
bes
and
,
can
I
t
bes
I am, as
to
y
ntr
cou
my
in
old
the
p
hel
l
wil
s
law
new
r
yea
in my own country. This
help
will
find health,
cost
the
to supplement
families
will
of their homes,
_
t
exi
an
d
fin
to
r
poo
the
p
hel
l
wil
help the Negroes to share in democracy,
,
ion
nat
my
in
For
ng.
rni
lea
k
see
to
en
ldr
chi
tle
lit
p
hel
l
wil
from poverty, and
we
we
like yours,
And because
is
there
And
something
more.
Development
is
also
it for
seek
who
others
try to help
we must also
that
all of our people.
morality requires
still struggling to find justice for
fortunate in abundance, we feel that
are
are
The
their
process
too.
own people
is
of development
Although we mask our uncertainty with charts and
still an unknown process.
n.
ai
rt
ce
un
ry
ve
l
il
st
e
ar
,
we
es
ri
eo
e
th
at
ic
tr
in
d
ns
an
io
at
ul
lc
tables, ca
one
But
we
thing
know.
do
not
a matter
just
of resources,
4
y,
wa
us
io
er
st
my
me
so
in
,
er
th
Ra
trade, or production, or even crops.
people --because they have great leaders and because they have great hopes
and because they
to sacrifice and
this
is
And
really
and
themselves are great -- an entire people begin to stir,
And when they move a nation begins to move.
to work.
in this
today
beginning
to
and,
coumtry
throughout
I believe,
or
continent,
this
happen.
e
hav
se
the
us
l
tel
ch
whi
s-ort
rep
or
s
ber
num
the
ot
--n
It is this
And with luck and with skill and with intransigent.
been fruitful years.
resolve we will clear away the thousand barriers that lie ahead -- if enough
hands
-~-and
again
as
.
it
grasp
them,
To all
everything
pledge
was
As
and
all
that was
promised
are
since
for
the
promised
Thank
future,
so many
I here,
then--
and my personal
leave
years
the
that momentous
pledged
my Administration
to make
allowed
that
ago.
you.
EN
D
on
journey.
August
this
life
day
four years
today,
anniversary
in office.
to the New World.
ago
It willbe
|
ours ’
|
AUGUST 18, 1965
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
OF THE WHITE
OFFICE
,: W
THE WHITE HOUSE
|
TJ
¢
q,
SECRETARY
PRESS
HOUSE
REMARKS OF THE PRESIDENT
it
AT THE
o—(lsveanrnc—m CEREMONY
cap, BoP (od fen taal
lyr
s
GARDNER
JOHN W.
R.
TO BE
WELFARE
EDUCATION .AND
OF HEALTH,
SECRETARY
Garden)
(In The Rose
(11:47 AM EDT)
Secretary
Mr.
Rusk,
Vice
members
of the Cabinet,
to observe
I want
and
Dr.
President,
this
Gardner,
Mrs.
morning
friends:
has
89th Congress
the
good of our land and has
to improve the lot of all
more beneficial measures for the
legislation on the statute books
constructed
placed more
Wirtz,
of the Congress,
members
that
Secretary
of
s.
sse
gre
Con
ght
-ei
hty
eig
us
vio
pre
the
of
er
oth
any
n
tha
our citizens,
h
bot
-it
of
all
and
,
ths
mon
six
t
las
the
ing
dur
All this has been done
200
for
ing
liv
the
of
el
lev
the
t
lif
to
s
aim
-e
pos
in design and pur
million
Americans.
Nothing
7
that
we
have
done
cxeels
in
y
ar
nd
co
se
,
ry
ta
en
em
el
,
al
on
ti
ca
vo
ng
hi
ac
re
rfa
the
that this Congress has acted on, or the monumental
th
al
he
,
ed
ni
de
g
lon
too
t,
gh
ou
-s
ng
lo
the
g
in
ud
incl
that helps to
extended care
and higher education bills
health legislation,
care for older Americans
and doctors bills, and nurses
bills and other expenses.
pay hospital bills,
facilities and drug
benefits
its
of
durability
bills,
and
e
her
be
d
ul
co
te
na
Se
and
e
us
Ho
the
of
s
er
I am very happy that memb
t
tha
,
es
ur
as
me
se
the
of
y
man
so
of
t
ec
it
ch
this morning, particularly the ar
the
and
e
te
it
mm
Co
or
Lab
the
of
an
rm
ai
Ch
the
legislative craftsman, Mr. Hill,
e
fin
se
the
of
all
ts
en
em
pl
im
t
tha
e
te
it
mm
Chairman of the Appropriations Co
measures.
e
ag
ss
pa
the
for
e
bl
si
on
sp
re
y
el
rg
la
ig
who
n
ma
the
Also
,
th
al
He
of
y
ar
et
cr
Se
as
l
ol
yr
pa
the
off
y
da
legislation is to
this
and Welfare,
and his very
|
So
but the
helpful
we
come
nation owes
wife, Ann.
here
today
a great
to
mark
debt
of
gratitude
ceremonies
to
to herald
Tony
of all of
Education
Celebrezze
a new beginning.
of
ly
mi
fa
the
o
int
e
om
lc
we
to
en
rd
Ga
e
Ros
the
We have come this morning to
n
io
at
uc
Ed
,
th
al
He
of
nt
me
rt
pa
De
the
the Cabinet and to the stewardship of
ly
rb
pe
su
a
,
ed
nt
le
ta
y
el
em
tr
ex
an
and Welfare a most eminent American,
qualified
welfare
man
to
take
over
this
leadership.
|
:
ic
bl
pu
of
e
us
ca
the
at
th
t
en
id
es
Pr
the
by
John Gardner was told
g
un
yo
the
of
n
io
at
uc
ed
the
d
an
,
re
ca
in this country, the health
MORE
(OVER)
Page
2
was
He
e.
vid
pro
ld
cou
he
t
tha
p
shi
der
lea
of
e
enc
ell
exc
the
ded
nee
minds
h
muc
make
t
sn'
doe
t
tha
but
n,
ica
ubl
Rep
a
is
He
e.
her
is
he
‘told that, and
t
ine
Cab
r
fou
the
of
e
anc
bal
ble
ira
des
a
es
vid
pro
lly
rea
He
e.
enc
differ
and
ler
Fow
ary
ret
Sec
-ats
ocr
Dem
e
wer
Two
.
ted
oin
app
e
hav
I
t
tha
s
member
Attorney General Katzenbach; one was Republican -- Secretary Connor; and
now Dr. Gardner evens the score and makes it two and two.
these
that
I hope
men
working together
well,
as
along
get
Democratic Secretary of State, from Cherokee County, Georgia,
Republican
Secretary
politics
and
ideas
children.
American
how
this
it
and
--
and American
people
knows
e
Def
mn
rnia.
fro
ifoe
Cals
of
th
wi
do
to
ch
mu
ve
ha
t
n'
es
do
do
to
s
ha
The job that Dr. Gardner
party
our
and my
as my
Dr.
to
That
Gardner
things
get
country
and
kind
done.
work
of
of
But
action.
he is
Government
this
and
greatness
the
a man
is
have.
musn't
just
It
of
involves
He
also
needs
all
how
knows
American
of
and
us.
of
to
a philospher
assets.
those
nation
American
the
with
do
to
have
does
achieve.
an
and
He
educator,
"We shall renew neither ourself, nor society, nor a troubled
world," Dr. Gardner once wrote, “unless we share a vision of something
Well, this Administration, Dr. Gardner, intends to share
worth saving.”
that vision and to have it chart the course of this Administration thet will
mark the 2Oth Century as the century that fought the war and won the
victory over mankind's ancient enemies -- poverty, and ignorance, and
bigotry, and disease.
3
|
This
week
we
hope
bill that will permit us to
major killers of human life
and
we
stroke;
are
not
to
track
going
to
the
launch
in our
them down;
stop
Congress
there.
to
will
an all-out
country --
isolate
act
upon
the Administration's
assault against the three
heart disease, and cancer,
them and
to destroy
them.
And
:
This Administration intends to bring the healing miracle of modern
medicine to everyone in this country, no matter how remotely they live from
the city.
If we could just reduce the sick life of every American worker
by one day a year we would be adding $10 billion annually
national product.
The
if we could have saved
heart disease, in that
earned $5 billion,
Now,
from
excess
that
savings in human suffering are beyond measure, and
the lives of those who died last year alone from
year from cancer and from stroke, they would have
and the Government
income
of $2 billion.
to our gross
your
Government,
would have
as
you
can
gotten
see,
almost helf
would
,
So think of the advantages that we could have made
that plague us if we had saved that money instead of letting
the drain, bot both lives and incomes were lost and they are
forever last year.
receive
of it.
in
on problems
it go down
gone now
We are trying to look ahead to next year. This Administration
seeking new ideas and it is certainly not going to discourage any new
solutions to the problems of population growth and distribution.
This Administration hopes to provide the leadership for an
environment that is free of the contamination which pollutes our water
the drink and the air that we breathe.
So I am glad this morning to see one
inspirational former leaders of the Department
Welfare -- Abe Ribicoff -- working at his post
MORE
and
of the most effective and
of Health, Education and
to help us continue in the
is
Page
Congress
that
the work
so ably
he
3
started
when
he was
in President
Kennedy 's
be
d
ul
co
he
if
y
da
to
id
sa
ve
ha
I
at
wh
ho
ec
I know that he would
Cabinet.
w
ho
d
an
do
to
is
e
er
th
at
wh
s
ow
kn
he
r
fo
out of that Committee meeting,
be
to
am
te
er
dn
ar
-G
ff
co
bi
Ri
the
ct
pe
ex
urgently we need to do it, and I
heard from more in the days ahead.
as
,
ll
wi
we
at
th
g,
in
os
cl
in
y,
ll
na
fi
e
So I just want to observ
y
it
un
rt
po
op
l
na
io
at
uc
ed
an
e
id
ov
pr
to
try
r,
long as I am President, Dr. Gardne
his
of
n
io
it
nd
co
the
of
ss
le
rd
ga
re
y,
tr
un
co
is
th
for every youngster in
of
r
lo
co
the
,
ly
mi
fa
s
hi
of
y
rt
ve
po
the
birth, the section he comes from,
his skin, or his religion.
They
goal
These are our goals.
has made excellence his
Gardner
Now, the philospher, the teacher,
leader of the greatest Government
excellence.
the
the
are
and
John
goals of John Gardner.
search for excellence his Life.
and the writer today becomes the active
in the world in a great march for national
to assure you that I will
stand ready to march with
Today, Mr. Secretary, I want
in your army of excellence, and we all
your guidance.
reenlist
you under
.)
in
n
or
sw
s
wa
r
ne
rd
Ga
W.
hn
Jo
Dr.
t
(At this poin
Mr.
GARDNER:
my old friend
SECRETARY
And I thank
words.
administering
oath
the
office.
of
President, I thank you for your generous
and neighbor, Secretary Rusk, for
is
The task you have given me
aspirations for the Great Society are,
in the Department of Health, Education
a difficult one.
to a considerable
and Welfare.
1 know
degree,
that your
centered
i
en
wh
nt
me
rt
pa
De
e
th
of
s
er
mb
me
I am sure that I speak for all
ns
io
at
ct
pe
ex
e
th
d
an
ns
io
at
ct
pe
ex
ur
yo
say that we intend to live up to
d
an
,
us
on
up
s
sk
ta
d
te
en
ed
ec
pr
un
ch
su
of the Congress, which has heaped
by
ed
ct
fe
af
ly
ct
re
di
so
be
ll
wi
o
wh
,
le
op
pe
the hopes of the American
everything
toward
the
that
With
high
Thank
we
do
your
or
fail
support,
goals
that
to
Mr.
do.
President,
set.
you have
you.
EN
D
and
theirs,
we
shall
move
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
August 26,
Dear
1965
Walter:
Thanks ever so much for sending me a
copy of the ICF TU policy statement.
In the circumstances it seems to me a
triumph, and everyone here is grateful
y
onl
can
I
,
lf
se
my
r
Fo
it.
for
you
to
say that itis one more example of the
skill and energy of American labor -and especially of yourself -- in the
international field.
Sincerely,
fon
—
McGeorge
Mr.
Walter
President
UAW
AFL-CIO
8000 East
Detroit
14,
Reuther
Jefferson
Avenue
Michigan
Bundy
AUG 30 1965
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
August 30,
Dear
1965
Walter:
\
Bill Moyers
Iam
has
given me
your
fine note.
grateful for everything you are doing.
I have autographed the two statements you
requested as a token of my respect and
affection for you.
_ With best regards, |
Sincerely,
Mr. Walter Ruether
Solidarity House
8000 East Jefferson Avenue
Detroit 14,
Michigan
Ne
STRAIGHT
September
WIRE
8,
Se
a
Oe ee ee
1965
Mr, Lawrence O'Brien
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Washington,
D.
C.
Sincerely regret involvement in International UAW
Retired Workers
Annual
Picnic will deny me the privilege and pleasure
of joining you at the ceremony on the Adlai Stevenson Memorial
Stamp on September
9th.
Kindest regards.
P.
Reuther
bth
sei plata
sas
i
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
iipivesdoe ae
te
Walter
rapidity of
change cost:
:
a
t
i
s
e
h
y
b
,
s
r
a
e
y
e
e
r
h
t
r
o
o
w
t
n
i
h
t
i
w
,
e
m
mot be overco
t
e
t
a
c
e
t
r
e
d
r
e
l
a
c
i
t
i
l
o
p
snomic aed
s
ju
ad
st
au
we
et
th
on
ti
ic
nv
co
my
It is
sible, to the impact of repid technolegice:
n
e
k
c
e
s
d
e
c
n
a
v
d
s
~
e
g
n
a
h
c
nolegical
,
s
c
i
t
e
h
t
a
y
s
,
n
o
i
t
a
z
i
r
ainiatu
e
g
n
a
h
c
f
o
e
c
e
p
d
i
p
a
r
e
h
t
atomi
-~ |
after it was first applied.
3.
f
o
r
a
l
l
o
d
per
f
o
n
o
i
t
a
z
i
l
i
t
the u
t
o
l
a
e
il
.
t
c
u
d
o
r
p
l
a
n
i
f
f
o
r
a
l
l
o
d
r
e
p
s
material
th
up
g
n
i
d
e
e
p
s
s
a
l
l
e
w
s
a
,
n
o
i
t
industry loca
s
e
i
t
i
n
u
m
m
o
c
e
r
i
t
n
e
g
n
i
t
c
e
f
f
-- thereby a
ee
lar,
of
t
n
e
m
e
c
a
l
p
s
i
d
e
h
t
n
i
g
n
i
t
i
g
s
e
r
s
i
gut per sankour
o
s
l
a
s
i
y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t
w
e
s
e
h
t
e
l
i
h
w
,
s
b
o
j
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
i
m
e
s
and
changing
sk:
mts and it seems to be changing
year ig which the Aeerican econeay approached
f
o
e
s
i
r
e
h
t
g
n
i
g
a
r
u
o
c
n
e
f
o
y
c
i
l
o
p
l
a
n
o
i
t
a
r
r
i
e
h
t
d
e
w
o
l
l
o
f
e
w
n
e
h
w
t
n
employwe
output
per
manhour,
while
ge
Lame
od
dowe
the
rise
co .
groups,
end.
n
u
o
y
d
n
a
s
e
o
r
g
e
N
d
n
a
s
r
e
k
r
o
w
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
n
such as u
,
d
e
t
a
c
i
d
n
i
y
d
a
e
r
l
a
e
v
As I ha
the recent
have been
while most welcome,
achievement,
improvement
in policies and
too timid
too cautious,
and over
Unemp
.
e
m
i
t
of
d
o
i
r
e
p
a
f
e
i
r
b
o
much to
t
n
e
t
m
y
o
n
l
p
m
e
e
m
r
e
d
y
n
u
o
d
n
l
a
p
m
e
n
u
f
o
l
e
v
e
,
l
s
e
h
r
t
e
e
r
e
g
h
w
a
n
Negroes and tee
remains disastrous.
t
n
e
c
e
r
e
th
r
fo
g
n
i
t
n
u
o
c
c
a
Even after
In the 114 years,
nd the following:
improvemen
:
65
19
of
f
l
a
h
t
s
r
i
f
e
th
h
g
from 1953 throu
t
n
e
c
r
e
p
65
y
l
n
o
r
fo
t
n
e
m
y
o
l
p
m
e
of
e
p
y
t
e
m
o
s
d
e
t
a
The economy gener
e
of the growth
of the labor force.
unemployment
As a result,
rose from 1.9 mil-
e
h
t
of
t
n
e
c
r
e
p
7
.
4
or
n
o
i
l
l
i
m
6
.
3
to
e
c
r
o
f
r
o
b
a
l
e
h
t
lion or 2.9 percent of
labor force.
and
Moreover,
governme
local
almost
all of the net
increase
in private
k
r
o
w
e
m
i
t
t
r
a
p
in
or
s
b
t jo
nt
me
oy
pl
em
e
im
-t
ll
fu
of
very little net increase
business.
In those 114 years,
in a 1.9 million
decline
the technological
in farm employment.
,
s
a
e
r
a
l
e
r
u
r
e
th
ft
le
children
in state
in employment was
There was
industry.
in private,
profit-making
d
e
t
l
u
s
e
e
r
r
u
t
l
u
c
i
r
g
a
in
n
revolutio
Several
million
men,
and
women
.
s
e
i
t
i
c
e
th
in
s
e
m
o
h
in search of jobs and
But
.
x
u
l
f
n
i
s
i
h
t
r
o
f
d
e
r
a
p
e
r
p
t
o
n
e
r
e
w
s
e
i
t
i
c
e
h
t
t
s
u
j
d
a
to
d
e
p
l
e
h
d
a
h
h
c
i
h
w
s
b
o
j
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
i
m
e
s
d
n
a
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
n
u
of
s
e
p
y
t
e
Th
,
of
e
f
i
l
e
h
t
to
s
t
n
a
r
g
i
m
m
i
n
g
i
e
r
o
f
d
n
a
s
t
n
a
r
g
i
m
l
a
r
u
previous generations of r
n
o
i
t
u
l
o
v
e
r
l
a
c
i
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t
e
h
t
of
t
l
u
s
e
r
a
as
,
e
c
r
a
c
s
g
n
i
m
o
c
e
b
e
r
e
w
a
c
i
r
e
m
A
n
urba
,
r
e
v
o
e
r
o
M
.
e
c
r
e
m
m
o
c
d
in industry an
y
l
t
n
e
u
q
e
r
f
e
r
e
w
s
e
i
t
i
l
i
fac
compelled
lacking.
to find their own way,
y
t
i
n
u
m
m
o
c
e
t
a
u
q
e
d
a
decent housing and
These nev
often without
migrants
to America’s
reots or regular jobs.
cities were
5y the
5.
ations lend space
the ceutral cities of
esale trad
the mining, railroad repair ane
centers as well as core ere: s of our cities bec
ment,
under-employment
ead poverty.
Here, we have a cursory outline of the problems
to develop, fester and to be jin to poison parts of our society.
with this development
been the growing fear of job-displacement
has
through
large sections of the population, with @ spreading distrus
It is water over the dam to say that these difficulties need not
They are with us now, they will not go away
oceurred.
will
certainly grow worse,
unless we
get te work
in
hi
by themselves and they
achieving solutions
as
rapidly as possible.
The solutions,
difficult,
because
I think, are fairly clear although their attainment is
they run counter to the comm
thelegy
out of our 16th and 19th Century past.
t
o
j
is
on
ti
ra
ne
ge
t
en
es
pr
e
th
r
fo
m
le
ob
pr
is
of th
ticularly unskilled and semi-skilled -- it seems to me to be the obligation of
the federal government
to de so.
There certainly is enough work to be doae -~ in reb:
ilding our cities,
in expanding and improving mass transit, , in creating th
e educational,
recrest ienal
& growing and increasingly urban
| water pollution
egree of national planning,
grants-in-aid and loens,
federal
es well as federal coordination.
Sweh activities still use large numb
they use large amounts of materials.
ers
of blue collar workers.
And
The direct and indirect impact from such
Vs
activities
on
emp
conld
wever,
technological revolution
have
the
good
sense
t
be substantial.
-« to
adjust
to
the
in the next 20 or 30 years by utilizing our available
manpower and productive capacity to meet our needs for public facilities,
public services and social welfare?
Te the extent that we fail te move swiftly and | cisively along these
lines,
the rational
alternative policy would be to accelerate considerabl
reduced weekly hours of work,
extended
days
vacations,
and earlier
Such
technological
ss well as through
sabbaticals
for all workers,
in leisure are coming,
revolution.
Of this,
e
h
t
s
i
d
n
i
w
y
m
n
i
n
o
i
t
s
e
The only qu
public
entry into the wort
increas
retirement.
increases
the accompanying
later
increases
in any case, as a result of the
I am fairly sure and I believe you are too.
speed at which we reduce working time.
But
in leisure will require great increases ia leisure-time
facilities and adult education -- for the creative use of leisure.
In & practical sense, these two alternatives are not mutually exclusive,
particularly since we will probably sot adopt sufficient job-creating public
investment programs.
We need so e combination of both increased public invest-
went and @ more rapid pace of reducing working time.
Should we reject both of these routes or adopt a cautious bit of both
of them, we will be in danger of | erpetuating the tren i that hes hee
most of the time since the early 1950s -- a trend that threatens
; with
us
our entire
society.
Even if we do a fairly good job along these lines,
still have numer
us problems of dislocation at the wor!
hewever, we will
-place and disrupt ive
pacts on groups of workers and on communities
increasing job opportunities -- in a society thet is moving forward t
adjusting to the technological
revolutic
ageable,
At the work-place, the introduction of new equipment
nt
me
ce
la
sp
di
bjo
me
so
s
an
me
y
processes usuall
r:
ge
wa
w
ne
d
an
es
tl
the plant, mew Job ti
perhaps some downgrading
In relation to such dislocations at the work-place, there is no
alternative,
in a free society, for collective bargaining and joint labor-
management efforts to handle the problems of the in lividual workers who may be
displaced,
of those who
agraded, of those others who are upgraded,
th
creation of new job titles with new wage rates and the need for retraining.
But to be successful,
change is essential.
advanced notice of impending technological
Since such equip
advance notice to the union,
ant is ordered long before installation,
ove or two years
in a vance is possible.
Without
advance notice, the union must rely on rumor, from which suspicion anc | fear
develop.
With advance notice,
also have the relationship
that are te come:
attrition
the union and management
have the time -- if they
and will to do so -- to plan jointly for the changes
t
er
ord
in
ng
ri
hi
w
ne
it
ba
or
ce
du
re
to
e,
pl
am
For ex
te reduce the size of the work-force;
to establish orderly pro-
cedures for layoffs, recalls anc decisions on who will be given the opp ortunity
for retraining in new job skills; to establish procedures for the relocation
of employees
in multi-plent
f irms; ‘
agree on procedures for euployee-bus
the job classification list.
ind with ample adva
management negotiations can establish such possible provisions as severance pay
on.
so
d
an
nt
me
re
ti
re
y
rl
ea
r
fo
y
it
un
the opport
for displaced employees,
But no company and no um
alene or jointly,
can selve the
sonomy-wide, society-wide problems of technological change.
rk
wo
ng
ti
is
ex
e
th
on
ns
io
at
oc
sl
di
e
th
e
n
io
t
sh
cu
t
to
a
mpt
l
e
v
e
l
t
n
a
l
p
e
h
t
at
s
ge
an
ch
r
fo
es
ur
ed
oc
pr
y
rl
de
or
h
is
bl
ta
es
force, to
work-force,
to permit
affecting the existing
attriti
e
c
a
l
p
k
r
o
w
e
h
t
t
e
s
s
e
c
o
r
p
t
n
e
m
t
s
u
j
d
a
e
h
t
f
o
part
curtailme t ef new hiring.
r
bo
la
e
in
nu
ge
h
ug
ro
th
d
le
nd
ha
ly
ab
reason
e
os
th
r
fo
d
an
e
rc
fo
r
bo
la
g
in
ow
gr
a
r
fo
ms
le
are still social and economic prob
who may be displaced.
changes
In addition,
in industry location,
mu
ni
ti
es
.
r
co
me
so
r
fo
|
m:
ble
pro
y
abl
vit
ine
sre
re
the
social pelicies are ue
National,
society-wide problems
management
since the new technology often involves
-- to previde a sound /environment
efforts can cushion the dislocating
Such adjustments are essen ial
must
educate
960s.
g
n
u
o
y
r
u
o
Here,
in wi ich joint
labor-
at the work-place.
if we are to maintain and strengthen
I am convinced that we
sople for the world they will enter as adults in
It is our obligation to wake sure that
equipped through education
America
impacts
But we must do more than that.
our social order.
alse
full-employment
end training
the new generation will be
for the world of the new technology.
I come to a few words about the scientists and engineers of
.
The issues
I have discussed
are our common problems
-- yours,
as well
10.
You ere at the frontier ef the technelogical
revelut ic:
are developing and applying the new technology.
society.
achieve
I think you have @ special role to play in the needed attemp
djustments
successful
of our
olution.
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t
w
ne
e
th
t
a
h
w
w
o
n
You k
d
n
a
c
i
m
o
n
o
c
e
s
t
i
t
u
o
b
a
s
e
s
s
e
u
g
educated
impacts.
is essential for forward economic anc
enuing.
Your special com
For exemple,
some
reasonably geod idea of the technological eut look
~- its expected
ied for intelligent soc
impacts and requir
economic policies by government, as well as labo
expected
impacts on education
requirements,
on skilis,
on ma power disp!
on the growth and decline of industries and employwen . opportoniti
MoTeot ex,
it seems te me, that you can play a key role in solviag some
of the problems of urben life in the see ond half of the 20th Century placing greater emphasis
in technological
sportation, ways
resea ch en such issves
as new met
te achieve elean water and clean air.
ructure of water
systems
and the
like
is also outmoded.
At the same time,
we have crowded
into
’@ urban areas -~ about 70 percent of the population now lives in some 200metropoliten areas that cover less than 10 percent ef America's
have fouled our eir and water and have
and
its natu
defs
land -- and we
|
ll.
t all of us concentrat @ euch more
efferts to improving #an's environs:
at
-- all
of
us,
in
of :
our
using our own cospetenc
t
n
e
n
e
v
e
i
h
c
a
Your
} te the ability to produce
se this ability
the welfare of bua
f
October
Dear
12,
1965
Jack:
Thank you for your note of October 7th and
"'
e.
ic
st
Ju
to
d
oa
"R
e
th
of
es
pi
co
e
th
I am delighted to
n
so
hn
Jo
of
on
ti
ec
ll
co
my
for
py
co
d
he
have the autograp
y.
tl
ea
gr
e
iz
pr
I
h
ic
wh
es
ch
ee
sp
d
an
rs
pe
pa
ow
kn
I
d
an
s,
nd
ie
fr
s
t'
en
id
es
Pr
All of the
opr
e
th
by
ed
ag
ur
co
en
ch
mu
e
,
ar
e
r
e
h
people everyw
gress which the President
is making following his
od
go
d
an
s
er
ay
pr
e
th
s
ha
he
d
an
y,
surger
.
ry
ve
co
re
dy
ee
sp
d
an
ll
fu
a
r
fo
us
of
all
wishes of
.
es
sh
wi
od
go
l
al
d
an
s
rd
ga
re
al
on
rs
Kindest pe
Sincerely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr. Jack Valenti
Special Assistant to the President
The
White House
Washington,
D,
C.
e
th
of
es
pi
co
a
tr
ex
e
th
n
ve
gi
ve
ha
I
P.S.
ne
an
e
iv
ut
ec
Ex
l
na
io
at
rn
te
In
booklet to the UAW
ti
ugh
tho
ur
yo
r
fo
ul
ef
at
gr
st
mo
e
Members who ar
ness in sending them.
OCT 14 1:8
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October
13,
1965
Dear
The President noted with much appreciation the analysis of the lst Session
of the 89th Congress carried in the
UAW Washington Report of September 27
which appeared in the Congressional
Record
of October
6.
He asked me to convey to you his warm
thanks for this UAW Washington Report.
It certainly makes this a great session
of Congress.
Sincerel
O'Brien
Lawrence
Special
to the
Honorable
Walter
P.
Assistant
sident
Reuther
President
International Union,
UAW,
816
16th Street, NW.
Washington,
D.
C.
AFL-CIO
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
Honorable
Walter
President
International
P.
Union,
816
16th Street, NW.
Washington, D. C.
Reuther
UAW,
AFL-CIO
WASHINGTON, D.c.
NOV 1 1968
Office
cme ener seme tous tusmn tots tte tem state nha
coun Gab wane Wms Ces
Cin
of
for
ints Aaah Suit (ONEL OUD
the Special Representative
Trade Negotiations
MD SAAD SES SOND SEO
GRD
LON SLO
ANNE SRA
NS AND SNE SOS SNE GEE UD
OD SS
HD Oe
SOND
ENN SD A
Se
AO
Se
mY
ome mel LeeRD
RNY
iE SER
ay
SY HRD
EXCERPTS FROM AN ADDRESS
BY THE HONORABLE W. MICHAEL BLUMENTHAL,
,
NS
IO
AT
TI
GO
NE
E
AD
TR
R
FO
VE
TI
TA
EN
DEPUTY SPECIAL REPRES
E
TH
OF
G
IN
ET
ME
ON
HE
NC
LU
E
TH
BEFORE
CE
AN
FR
S,
RI
PA
N,
IO
AT
CI
SO
AS
S
ES
PR
ANGLO-AMERICAN
1965
OCTOBER 28,
THURSDAY,
NATIONAL
INTEREST
AND
INTERNATIONAL
TRADE
e
th
r
fo
g
in
on
ti
es
qu
of
me
ti
a
en
be
ve
ha
s
ek
we
st
la
e
Thes
th
wi
ts
on
fr
ny
ma
on
y
dl
pi
ra
ng
vi
mo
e
ar
ts
en
Ev
d.
un
Ro
Kennedy
ns
io
at
ti
go
ne
e
ad
tr
va
ne
Ge
g
in
ak
st
in
pa
e
th
on
s
on
si
us
rc
pe
re
s,
on
ti
es
qu
me
so
if
t
Bu
e.
in
rm
te
de
to
t
ul
ic
ff
di
ed
de
in
that are
t,
en
es
pr
e
th
r
fo
ed
er
sw
an
un
must remain
by their nature,
ng
si
us
sc
di
n
oo
rn
te
af
is
th
me
ti
would like to spend some
questions that can and should be answered.
I
ail
g
n
i
t
a
p
i
c
i
t
r
a
p
e
th
of
on
ti
lu
The May 1963 Ministerial Reso
ed
at
st
,
ns
io
at
ti
go
ne
r
ou
r
fo
countries, which is the basis
.
.
.
e
d
a
r
t
d
rl
wo
of
n
o
i
t
a
z
i
l
a
our aim as a "significant liber
e
th
on
d
an
s
si
ba
n
o
i
t
a
n
d
e
r
o
v
a
f
t
s
o
m
a
on
d
te
uc
nd
co
be
to
l
al
r
ve
co
l
al
sh
)
ch
hi
(w
principle of reciprocity...
g
in
ud
cl
in
l,
ia
tr
us
nd
ni
no
d
an
al
ri
st
du
in
,
ts
uc
od
pr
of
s
se
clas
agricultural
and
primary
products."
d
e
v
e
i
h
c
a
ve
ha
we
s,
ar
ye
lf
ha
a
d
an
o
tw
st
pa
e
th
er
Ov
g
n
i
i
t
i
f
i
u
f
in
s
s
e
r
g
o
r
p
e
l
b
a
k
r
a
m
e
r
ys
wa
me
so
in
d
an
e
l
b
a
r
conside
e
t
i
p
s
e
d
,
es
su
is
e
th
of
y
t
i
x
e
l
p
m
o
c
e
th
e
t
i
p
s
e
d
,
s
e
v
i
t
c
e
j
b
these o
e
th
of
e
us
ca
be
d
an
e
it
sp
de
s,
st
re
te
in
r
ou
of
y
t
i
c
i
l
p
i
t
l
u
m
the
e
ar
sh
ll
fu
r
ou
d
ha
so
al
ve
ha
we
t
Bu
.
es
ak
st
e
th
of
e
ud
magnit
s
ct
pe
as
e
v
i
t
a
g
e
n
e
es
th
s
me
ti
At
.
ys
la
de
d
an
s
e
i
t
of difficul
d
An
.
es
on
e
v
i
t
i
s
o
p
e
th
an
th
n
o
i
t
n
e
t
t
a
r
e
t
a
e
r
g
d
have receive
g
n
i
d
a
r
t
y
ke
-a
CEE
e
th
of
s
e
i
t
n
i
a
t
r
e
c
n
u
l
a
n
r
e
t
n
i
now, the
e
th
er
ov
ow
ad
sh
r
he
rt
fu
a
s
t
s
a
c
—
s
n
o
i
t
a
i
t
o
g
e
n
e
th
in
partner
d,
un
Ro
y
d
e
n
n
e
K
e
th
of
e
m
o
c
t
u
o
c
si
ba
e
th
at
th
t
n
e
i
d
e
p
x
e
d
an
e
t
a
i
r
p
o
r
p
p
a
e
r
o
f
e
r
e
h
t
It is
.
ts
en
ev
nt
ce
re
of
t
ex
nt
co
e
th
in
d
e
t
a
t
s
e
r
y
l
r
e
b
o
s
be
es
su
is
y
ma
at
Wh
?
me
co
we
ve
ha
r
fa
w
Ho
What are we trying to do?
s
ou
ri
se
ar
be
n
ca
g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
u
s
i
M
?
d
e
e
c
c
u
s
t
no
do
we
happen if
ll
wi
y
da
to
y
sa
to
ve
ha
I
at
wh
at
th
pe
ho
I
.
s
e
c
n
e
u
q
e
s
con
n
i
e
ak
st
at
is
at
wh
of
g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
u
r
e
t
t
e
b
a
contribute to
in
these
negotiations,
A successful Kennedy Round offers the worldwide trade
potential that will benefit all participating countries and
disadvantage none.
This holdsfor a highly self-sufficient
country like the United States or a nation heavily dependent
on trade like the United Kingdom; for an agricultural exporter
like New Zealand or an industrial power like West Germany;
for a Switzerland of six million people or a United states of
almost 200 million;
for a European nation like France, or a
country in Latin America like Peru,
trade
have
can
Why
are
more
best
stimulus
fresh
effect
air
on
This
will
all
equally
nations
available
complementary
be
to
of
served
than
national
Because
all
trade
of
opening
competition
securely
trade
concessions.
economies,
rests
the
gains
countr.ie
s.
Beca
use
competitive
production
international
rationale
to
by mutual
efficient
all
benefit?
will
our
have
of
interests
nations
Because
windows
increased
which
the
to
a healthy|
on a foundation
the
of past
achievements,
The steady expansion of international trade has
been a major cause of the rapid economic recovery from the
ravages and destruction of World War II.
And the substantial
economic growth of the major trading nations during the past
ten years was in no small part stimulated by a vigorous export
sector,
All
countries
have
shared
in
these
past
benefits,
each nation has the opportunity to share in the
of world markets,
The Kennedy Round offers this
for the future,
eee
&
just
as
future growth
opportunity
&
In order to achieve these gains, though,
it is necessary
to balance concessions and benefits evenly so that each country
receives in general proportion to what it gives.
It would be
nice if one could pick and choose concessions according to the
strengths and weaknesses of a nation's trade position.
But
this cannot be done if we are to attain our objective of mutual
gains through mutual reductions in trade barriers,
For industrial products, we have accepted this principle
by agreeing to exchange offers on the basis of a 50-percent.
across-the-board cut for all tariffs.
The major countries,
including the EEC, presented such offers in November 1964,
4
Exceptions
to
this
rule
have
been
kept
to
a minimum,
and
we
hope to reduce the number of exceptions
further during the
remaining course of the negotiations.
We have also decided
to examine certain industry sectors in separate working groups
in order to assure consistency in dealing with major trading
interests and to consider special problems peculiar to one
sector
or
another.
Thus,
in
coming
months,
we
hope
to
make
progress toward achieving maximum reductions in trade barriers
for the aluminum, chemical, pulp and paper, steel, and textile
industries,
For agricultural products,
opportunity for exports is even
Australia,
Denmark,
and
New
the need to
more vital,
Zealand
would
provide increased
Countries such as
find
little
interest
in a trade negotiation which did not include farm products,
But trade potential is by no means limited to these countries.
All efficient agricultural producers have an interest in
expanding present markets and opening new ones.
Kennedy Round negotiations in the agricultural sector are
nevertheless still lagging far behind the industrial negotiations,
In May of this year, twelve nations submitted proposals for an
international grains agreement, but detailed discussions of
these proposals have moved slowly.
On feptember 16, according
to our agreed schedule,
offers were tabled
for the full range of
farm products,
and the content of these offers is now being
examined in bilateral talks between the interested trading
partners,
But the EEC has been unable to participate in this
phase,
and the amount of further work that can be done without
clarification on the ability of the Community to participate
is limited.
How
progress
ahead in
in
far,
then, have we come?
We have made substantial
for industrial products but there is important work
key industry sectors; we have made a hopeful start
agriculture
but
the
Two and a half years
the proper goals for
left?
major
negotiations
still
lie
before
us.
have passed since the Ministers agreed on
our common effort.
How much time do we have
Not a great deal more--for if we do not finish the job
now and the momentum to follow through with these negotiations
is lost, we may not be able to retrieve the loose ends at a
later date,
There are people,
though favoring the principle
of
trade
liberalization,
who
feel
the
time
is
not
right,
that
perhaps
Let
a
me
say
a choice.
a
a
date
five
plainly
The
years
that
timing
of
we
from
do
the
now
not
would
have
Kennedy
be
the
Round
more
luxury
is
suitable,
far
of
such
more
than
secondary or tactical matter,
It is a unique opportunity,
coincidence of favorable circumstance that may not repeat
itself
in
A
the
number
creating
this
future
of
if
it
important
uniquely
is
not
factors
favorable
made
to
were
succeed
responsible
situation
for
today.
for
lowering
_
barriers
to world trade,
First,
the Trade Expansion Act, which gives
the President of the United States the far-reaching authority
to negotiate mutual tariff reductions of up to 50 percent,
is unprecedented.
It was passed by a Congress that firmly
believed that increased multilateral trade was a sound policy
which
can provide
substantial
benefits
to all
nations.
Not
least was the concern to meet the pressing demands of LDC's
to achieve a more meaningful and prosperous role in the world
economy.
The feeling can perhaps best be summarized by the
words of President Johnson when he said that these negotiations
“exemplify the hope and commitment of our late President to
bring together the nations of the world in peaceful pursuits.
I believe,
as he did,
in the necessity of success in (this)
work."
2a
It
is only natural, however,
that the people who have
worked for andadminister this authority should expect results.
A five-year period was granted as more than ample time to
produce results, and the inability to do so would be an awkward
and unconvincing testimony for continued support of an ambitious
trade liberalization program.
A second important stimulus to the Kennedy Round was the
prosperity and economic progress resulting from the bold
experiments in regional cooperation,
and in particular the
EEC and the EFTA.
A broadening of economic horizons was a
logical extension of previous accomplishments,
The European
initiative
trading
had
nations,
its
"demonstration
effect"
on
other
hesitant
Finally there was a continuity with past work and progress
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade--the "GATT."
Kennedy Round negotiations were undertaken as a fitting climax
of
two
decades
of
effort
and
achievement,
Prompted by these circumstances,
the major trading nations
found the purpose and courage necessary to decide in favor of
me Sis
greater international competition and
to embark on the most ambitious trade
was a wise and bold step forward,
commerce,
This decision
negotiation ever attempted
Nevertheless,
the initial exuberance and optimism have
given way in part to anxious scepticism.
Time has slipped by
and there is still much work to be done,
External events
continue to bear on the negotiations, but in the final
analysis the Kennedy Round is an entity in itself.
It will
succeed or fail on its own merits,
and judgment in retrospect
will weigh our actions accordingly.
We are in fact reaching a critical point from which
there may be no return,
The coming months will be crucial ones,
for if we approach another summer without the makings of a
balanced final agreement, we may have missed the tide that
will take us safely over the bar.
If support wanes,
if the time
clock runs out, we could be left stranded with the remains of
an "almost agreement,"
It is also important to realize the consequences of an
unsuccessful negotiatione.
A continuation of the status quo
is not the likely outcome.
We must either move forward or
In 1962, the key trading countries made
risk sliding back.
a firm commitment to substantially liberalize world trade.
No one can be sure what effect failure of these negotiations
will have on this commitment.
Neither the United States nor
any other nation is immune to changes in public attitude.
There is a tenuous balance in many countries between the
supporters of more liberal trade and those advocating a return
Impotence to achieve
to increased tariffs and protection.
results in Geneva could well swing the balance in the direction
And the move to higher protection in
of higher protection.
one country can easily set off a chain reaction of retaliation
and counter-retaliation throughout the trading world which
will not be easy to arrest,
Such a breakdown in our trading system would be a tragedy.
The resulting economic waste and dislocation would only be
There would also be a serious weakening
part of the loss.
of Western leadership in the eyes of the many new and developing
Cooperation in trade is a political necessity if we
nations.
are to maintain the confidence and hopes of these people.
Cordell
in
the
Hull,
United
who
led
States
the
thirty
fight
years
for
trade
ago,
liberalization
recognized
the
political
-6—
as
well
as
the
economic
importance
of
trade
when
he
said:
"Economic warfare results in a lowering of living
It foments internal strife.
standards throughout the world.
It offers constant temptation to use force, or threat of force,
to obtain what could have been got through normal processes
of trade,”
real
The
and
threat of regression in our trading
constant danger which should not be
relations is a
borne lightly.
Office
ems GD
euss caver te tents ‘enn eee wasn se. conte tna
amb
00h Ces
GUD Simm
auth
the Special Representative
Trade Negotiations
of
for
ONES Ch
GE
SANS SD
CaN
aay MOND GON
SE
GL
MED SN
UO
OOD SON SON
SEN
GRRE SAND SED
SONS SEN
cemty
ch SNe Se
OD
AY Ste
ces mY
He
ca
SRD
RNY Ce
ONY Sey
eae De
EXCERPTS FROM AN ADDRESS
,
AL
TH
EN
UM
BL
L
AE
CH
MI
W.
E
BL
RA
NO
HO
BY THE
,
NS
IO
AT
TI
GO
NE
E
AD
TR
R
FO
VE
TI
TA
EN
ES
PR
RE
DEPUTY SPECIAL
BEFORE THE LUNCHEON MEETING OF THE
CE
AN
FR
S,
RI
PA
N,
IO
AT
CI
SO
AS
S
ES
PR
AN
IC
ANGLO-AMER
1965
OCTOBER 28,
THURSDAY,
NATIONAL
weeks
last
These
INTEREST AND
have
been
INTERNATIONAL
of
time
a
TRADE
questioning
for
the
th
wi
ts
on
fr
ny
ma
on
y
dl
pi
ra
Events are moving
Kennedy Round.
ns
io
at
ti
go
ne
e
ad
tr
va
ne
Ge
g
repercussions on the painstakin
s,
on
ti
es
qu
me
so
if
t
Bu
e.
in
rm
te
de
to
t
ul
ic
ff
di
ed
de
in
e
ar
that
I
t,
en
es
pr
e
th
r
fo
ed
er
sw
an
un
in
must rema
by their nature,
ng
si
us
sc
di
n
oo
rn
te
af
is
th
me
ti
me
so
would like to spend
can
that
questions
and
should
be
answered.
2
:
g
in
at
ip
ic
rt
pa
e
th
of
on
ti
lu
so
Re
l
ia
er
st
ni
Mi
63
19
y
Ma
e
Th
ed
at
st
,
ns
io
at
ti
go
ne
r
ou
r
fo
s
si
ba
e
th
is
h
ic
wh
s,
ie
tr
un
co
.
.
.
e
d
a
r
t
d
rl
wo
of
n
o
i
t
a
z
i
l
our aim as a "Significant libera
e
th
on
d
an
s
si
ba
n
o
i
t
a
n
d
e
r
o
v
a
f
to be conducted on a most
l
al
r
ve
co
l
al
sh
)
ch
hi
(w
.
.
.
principle of reciprocity
g
in
ud
cl
in
l,
ia
tr
us
nd
ni
no
d:
an
al
ri
st
du
in
,
ts
uc
od
pr
of
s
classe
agricultural
primary
and
products,"
ed
ev
hi
ac
ve
ha
we
s,
ar
ye
lf
ha
Over the past two and a
ng
li
il
lf
fu
in
ss
re
og
pr
le
ab
rk
ma
re
ys
wa
me
so
in
d
an
le
ab
consider
e
it
sp
de
,
es
su
is
e
th
of
ty
xi
le
mp
co
e
th
e
it
sp
de
,
es
iv
ct
je
ob
e
es
th
e
th
of
e
us
ca
be
d
an
e
it
sp
de
s,
st
re
te
in
r
ou
of
y
t
i
c
i
l
p
i
t
l
u
m
the
e
ar
sh
ll
fu
r
ou
d
ha
so
al
ve
ha
we
But
magnitude of the stakes.
s
ct
pe
as
ve
ti
ga
ne
e
es
th
s
me
ti
At
.
ys
la
de
d
an
es
ti
ul
ic
ff
di
of
d
An
.
es
on
ve
ti
si
po
e
th
an
th
n
io
nt
te
at
r
te
ea
gr
ed
iv
ce
have re
now,
the
partner
outcome
internal
in
of
the
the
uncertainties
of
negotiations--casts
Kennedy Round,
the
a
EEC--a
further
key
trading
shadow
over
the
c
si
ba
e
th
at
th
t
n
e
i
d
e
p
x
e
d
an
e
t
a
i
r
p
o
r
p
p
a
e
r
o
f
e
r
e
h
t
is
It
.
ts
en
ev
nt
ce
re
of
t
ex
nt
co
e
th
issues be soberly restated in
y
ma
at
Wh
?
me
co
we
ve
ha
r
fa
w
Ho
?
do
to
g
n
i
y
r
t
we
e
ar
at
Wh
s
ou
ri
se
ar
be
n
ca
g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
u
s
i
M
?
d
e
e
c
c
u
s
t
no
do
happen if we
ll
wi
y
da
to
y
sa
to
ve
ha
I
at
wh
at
th
pe
ho
I
.
s
e
c
n
e
consequ
n
i
e
ak
st
at
is
at
wh
of
g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
u
r
e
t
t
e
b
a
to
e
contribut
in
these
negotiations.
A successful Kennedy Round
potential that will benefit all
disadvantage
none.
This
holdsfor
offers the worldwide trade
participating countries and
country like the United States or
on trade like the United Kingdom;
like New Zealand or an industrial
a highly
self-sufficient
a nation heavily dependent
for an agricultural exporter
power like West Germany;
for a Switzerland of six million people or a United States of
almost 200 million;
for a European nation like France,
or a
country in Latin America like Peru,
Why will all nations benefit?
Because the gains of increased
trade are equally available to all countries.
Because nations
have more complementary than competitive trade interests which
can best be served by mutual trade concessions.
Because the
stimulus to efficient production of opening our windows to the
fresh air of international competition will have a healthy
effect on all national economies,
This
rationale
rests
securely
on
a
foundation
of
past
achievements,
The steady expansion of international trade has
“been a major cause of the rapid economic recovery from the
ravages and destruction of World War II.
And the substantial
economic growth of the major trading nations during the past
ten years was in no small part stimulated by a vigorous export
sector,
|
3
All countries have shared in these past benefits,
just as
each nation has the opportunity to share in the future growth
of world markets.
The Kennedy Round offers this opportunity
for the future,
*
&&
. &€
In order to achieve these gains,
though,
it is necessary
to balance concessions and benefits evenly so that each country
receives in general proportion to what it gives,
It would be
nice if one could pick and choose concessions according to the
strengths and weaknesses of a nation's trade position.
But
this cannot be done if we are to attain our objective of mutual
gains
through
mutual
reductions
in
trade
barriers,
For industrial products, we have accepted this principle
by agreeing to exchange offers on the basis of a 50-percent
across-the-board cut for all tariffs.
The major countries,
including the EEC, presented such offers in November 1964,
oe
Exceptions to this rule have been kept to a minimum,
and we
hope to reduce the number of exceptions
further during the
remaining course of the negotiations,
We have also decided
to examine certain industry sectors in separate working groups
in order to assure consistency in dealing with major trading
interests and to consider special problems peculiar to one
sector
progress
or
another,
toward
for the aluminum,
industries,
For
Thus,
in
achieving
chemical,
agricultural
coming
maximum
pulp
.
products,
opportunity
for exports
Australia,
Denmark,
and
months,
reductions
and
|
the
we
paper,
need
to
in
hope
to
trade
steel,
and
provide
make
barriers
textile
increased
is even more vital.
Countries
such as
New Zealand would
find
little interest
in a trade negotiation which did not include farm products,
But trade potential is by no means limited to these countries.
All efficient agricultural producers have an interest in
expanding present markets and opening new ones.
;
Kennedy Round negotiations in the agricultural sector are
nevertheless still lagging far behind the industrial negotiations.
In May of this year, twelve nations submitted proposals for an
international grains agreement, but detailed discussions of
these proposals have moved slowly.
On September 16, according
to our agreed schedule,
offers were tabled
for the full range of
farm products,
and the content of these offers is now being
examined in bilateral talks between the interested trading
partners,
But the EEC has been unable to participate in this
phase,
and the amount of further work that can be done without
clarification
is
limited.
How
progress
far,
for
on
the
ability
then, have
industrial
we
of
come?
products
the
Community
We
but
have
there
made
is
to
participate
substantial
important
work
ahead in key industry sectors; we have made a hopeful start
in agriculture but the major negotiations still lie before us.
Two
the
and a half years
proper goals for
have passed since the Ministers agreed on
our common effort.
How much time do we have
left?
Not a great deal more--for if we do not finish the job
now and the momentum to follow through with these negotiations
is lost, we may not be able to retrieve the loose ends at a
later date,
There are people,
though favoring the principle
of
trade
liberalization,
who
feel
the
time
is
not
right,
that
we LA ane
ie
perhaps
a date
five
years
future
if
from
now
would
be
more
suitable.
Let me say plainly that we do not have the luxury of such
a choice,
The timing of the Kennedy Round is far more than
a secondary or tactical matter,
It is a unique opportunity,
a coincidence of favorable circumstance that may not repeat
itself
in
the
A number
creating this
to world
trade,
it
is
not
made
to
succeed
today.
of important factors were responsible for
uniquely favorable situation for lowering
First,
the
Trade
Expansion
Act,
which
barriers
gives
the President of the United States the far-reaching authority
to negotiate mutual tariff reductions of up to 50 percent,
is unprecedented.
It was passed by a Congress that firmly
|
believed that increased multilateral trade was a sound policy
which can provide substantial benefits to all nations.
Not
least was the concern to meet the pressing demands of LDC's
to achieve a more meaningful and prosperous role in the world
economy.
The feeling can perhaps best be summarized by the
words of President Johnson when he said that these negotiations
"exemplify
the
hope
and
commitment
of
our
late
President
bring together the nations of the world in peaceful
I believe,
as he did,
in the necessity of success in
work,"
to
pursuits.
(this)
It
is only natural, however,
that the people who have
worked for andadminister this authority should expect results.
A five-year period was granted as more than ample time to
produce results, and the inability to do so would be an awkward
and unconvincing testimony for continued support of an ambitious
trade liberalization program.
A second important stimulus to the Kennedy Round was the
prosperity and economic progress resulting from the bold
experiments in regional cooperation,
and in particular the
EEC and the EFTA.
A broadening of economic horizons was a
logical extension of previous accomplishments,
The European
initiative
had
trading nations,
its
"demonstration
effect"
on
other
hesitant
Finally there was a continuity with past work and progress
under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade--the "GATT."
Kennedy Round negotiations were undertaken as a fitting climax
of two decades of effort and achievement.
Prompted by these circumstances,
the major trading nations
found the purpose and courage necessary to decide in favor of
C Sa
greater international competition and
to embark on the most ambitious trade
was a wise and bold step forward.
commerce,
This decision
negotiation ever attempted
Nevertheless,
the initial exuberance and optimism have
given way in part to anxious scepticism.
Time has slipped by
and there is still much work to be done,
External events
continue to bear on the negotiations, but in the final
analysis the Kennedy Round is an entity in itself.
It will
succeed or fail on its own merits,
and judgment in retrospect
will weigh our actions accordingly.
We are in fact reaching a critical point from which
there may be no return,
The coming months will be crucial ones,
for if we approach another summer without the makings of a
balanced final agreement, we may have missed the tide that
will take us safely over the bar.
If support wanes,
if the time
clock runs
an "almost
out, we could
agreement,"
be
left
stranded
with
the
remains
of
It is also important to realize the consequences of an
unsuccessful negotiatione.
A continuation of the status quo
is not the likely outcome.
we must either move forward or
In 1962, the key trading countries made
risk sliding back.
a firm commitment to substantially liberalize world trade,
No one can be sure what effect failure of these negotiations
will have on this commitment.
Neither the United States nor
any other nation is immune to changes in public attitude.
There is a tenuous balance in many countries between the
supporters of more liberal trade and those advocating a return
Impotence to achieve
to increased tariffs and protection.
results in Geneva could well swing the balance in the direction
And the move to higher protection in
of higher protection.
one country can easily set off a chain reaction of retaliation
and counter-retaliation throughout the trading world which
will not be easy to arrest,
Such a breakdown in our trading system would be a tragedy.
The resulting economic waste and dislocation would only be
There would also be a serious weakening
part of the loss.
of Western leadership in the eyes of the many new and developing
Cooperation in trade is a political necessity if we
nations.
are to maintain the confidence and hopes of these people.
Cordell Hull,
in the United
who led the fight for trade liberalization
States thirty years ago, recognized the political
~6=as
|
well
as
the
importance
economic
of
trade
when
he
said:
"Economic warfare results in a lowering of living
It foments internal strife.
standards throughout the world.
It offers constant temptation to use force, or threat of force,
to obtain what could have been got through normal processes
of
trade,"
real
The
and
|
threat of regression in our trading
constant danger which should not be
relations is a
borne lightly.
Ee
November
Dear
5,
1965
Jack:
The Industrial Union Department of the AFL-CIO,
representing approximately seven million industrial workers
in the United States,
will hold its constitutional convention
in Washington during the period of November
18-19,
1965.
I had asked President Johnsom some months back
to address our convention since the Industrial Union Department represents his most loyal and effective workers in the
building of the Great Society, but now his period of convalescence will make it impossible for him to come personally.
I would appreciate it very much if you could ask
the President to send us a message of greetings and encourage-
The convention will be an opportunity
ment,
express our appreciation for the tremendous
for all of us to
progress which
has been made under the President's inspired leadership and
to rededicate ourselves to the work yet to be done to bring to
practical fulfillment the bright promise of a tomorrow in
which all may share more fully in the blessings of the
abundance which automation and the 20th century technological
revolution now make possible.
The greetings should be sent to me as President
of the Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO, 815 Sixteenth
Street, N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
ee
ee
a ee
It was good to have had the opportunity to chat
with you briefly on the phone the other afternoon,
Kindest personal regards and all good wishes.
Sincerely,
WPR:ob
oeiu 42
Mr. Jack Valenti
Special Assistant to the President
The White House
Ok
ie
ila
C.
te
D.
Pi
Washington,
THE
HOUSE
WHITE
WASHINGTON
November
Iam
to
during
work
1965
Walter:
Dear
want
9,
send
sure
that the
a message
November
President
to your
will
convention
18-19.
get to
as possible.
l
l
i
w
I
t
a
h
t
e
r
u
s
e
b
n
a
You c
y
l
k
c
i
u
q
s
a
s
i
h
t
g
n
on expediti
Sincerely,
Special
Jac
Assistant
r
e
h
t
u
e
R
r
e
t
l
a
W
Mr.
n
o
i
n
U
l
a
i
r
t
s
u
d
n
I
,
President
Department
AFL-CIO
W.
N.
,
et
re
St
h
nt
ee
815 Sixt
Washington
6,
D.C.
alenti
the
President
AWalcwasae —elcain-sylco sles
on Natural Beauty
IN PURSUIT
OF
GREATNESS
The President’s Message
on Natural Beauty
THE
CITIES
THE
COUNTRYSIDE
HIGHWAYS
RIVERS
TRAILS
“to
protect
FOREWORD
by
Walter
P. Reuther
Prepared
as
a public
service
by
the
United
Automobile
Workers of
America, 1965
and
restore
the
natural
American heritage of spamine
cious skies and amber waves of
grain is rapidly disappearing. In
place of America the beautiful, we
have a honky-tonk jungle in most
American cities and in much of our
countryside.
President Lyndon B. Johnson’s
message to Congress on Natural
Beauty this year is a reminder that
precious little time is left to save
our land from becoming, as one
commentator
rightly
§ warned,
“God’s own junkyard.”
If we act quickly and with intelligence and if we commit ourselves and make a national effort
equal to the dimensions of the
challenge and the opportunity, we
can restore America’s beauty and
have a heritage for future generations worthy of the children of
free men.
President Johnson’s challenge to
beautify
America
embraces
the
total of our living environment. He
has called upon
us for a total
national
effort to preserve
our
forests—our primitive cathedrals
—to
beautify
and
purify
our
streams, to replenish and protect
our wild life, to expand our park
heritage
of a free
POLLUTION
people”
system and preserve our seashores,
to enable increasing millions to
share the excitment and joy of contact and communion with nature in
its
primitive
strength
and _ its
breathtaking beauty. He urges that
we work in our urban areas—our
own
local
communities—in
our
very backyards if we are to make
vironment in neighborhoods with
trees, parks, playgrounds, grass,
clean air and water.
The 20th Century technological
revolution has given us the tools of
in our great urban areas of congestion which require action bolder
of
America beautiful. Seventy percent of the American people live
and broader than the traditional
battle lines on conservation.
We must examine the entire suffocating problems of air and water
pollution, traffic congestion, population density, urban sprawl, billboard jungles, auto junkyards, unsightly utility poles, and the woeful
lack of planning which results in
ugliness and a living environment
that does offense to man’s dignity
and is unnatural in his relationship to nature.
The Great Society envisaged by
President Johnson is compassionate. People must be free from the
bonds of poverty. Man’s spirit can
then best soar to heights of greatness in a natural, wholesome en-
automation and economic abundance with which we can conquer
man’s ancient enemies—poverty,
ignorance and disease. We can free
the human family
poverty. We must
create
a
living
from
also
material
work to
environment
beauty which will liberate man
from the spiritual poverty of ugliness and urban blight.
We have mastered the scientific,
knowproductive
and
technical
material
to satisfy man’s
how
needs. We must now make a comparable
effort
to
master
the
human, social and moral knowessential to achieve man’s
why
higher purposes and to relate him
to nature as he searches for fulfillment.
President Johnson’s call to build
Society is a_ society
the Great
where men are more concerned
with the quality of their goals than
with the quantity of their goods.
than
life is more
The good
money in the bank, food on the
table, and a roof over the head.
The good life is also a place for all
children to play and breathing
space to live in and grow strong in
body, mind and spirit.
President Johnson’s program to
is filled with
beautify America
challenge, inspiration and excitement that should spur us all to
action. It is our duty now to carry
out these ideas in practical ways
through social action in our communities, states and nation. We
can make beauty flourish in our
land. We can escape and conquer
the ugliness in our cities. We can
purify the air we breathe and the
water in our lakes and streams.
We can build an America where
we can share the advantages of the
material progress of the 20th Century without the corrupting and
corroding influences of neglect and
indifference
and
public
apathy
which, if unchecked, will create a
chrome-plated wasteland.
The hour is late.
The challenge is exciting.
The rewards are rich with opportunities for beauty and human
fulfillment.
WALTER
P. REUTHER
L'o the Congress of the United States:
For centuries Americans have drawn
strength and inspiration from the
beauty of our country. It would be a
neglectful generation indeed, indifferent alike to the judgment of history and
the command of principle, which failed
‘The
President’s
Message
on
Natural
Beauty
to preserve and extend such a heritage
for its descendants.
Yet the storm of modern change is
threatening to blight and diminish in
a few decades what has been cherished
and protected for generations.
A growing population is swallowing
up areas of natural beauty with its demands for living space, and is placing
increased demand on our overburdened
areas of recreation and pleasure.
The increasing tempo of urbanization and growth is already depriving
many Americans of the right to live in
decent surroundings. More of our people are crowding into cities and being
cut off from nature. Cities themselves
reach out into the countryside, destroying streams and trees and meadows as
they go. A modern highway may wipe
out the equivalent of a 50-acre park
with every mile. And people move out
from the city to get closer to nature
only to find that nature has moved farther from them.
The modern technology which has
added much to our lives can also have
a darker side. Its uncontrolled waste
products are menacing the world we
live in, our enjoyment and our health.
The air we breathe, our water, our soil
and wildlife, are being blighted by the
poisons and chemicals which are the byproducts of technology and industry.
The skeletons of discarded cars litter
the countryside. The same society
which receives the rewards of technology, must, as a cooperating whole, take
responsibility for control.
To deal with these new problems will
require
a new
conservation.
We
must
not only protect the countryside and
save it from destruction, we must restore what has been destroyed and sal-
vage the beauty and charm of our cities.
Our conservation must be not just the
classic conservation of protection and
development, but a creative conservation of restoration and innovation. Its
concern is not with nature alone, but
with the total relation between man
and the world around him. Its object
is not just man’s welfare, but the dignity of man’s spirit.
In this conservation the protection
and enhancement of man’s opportunity
to be in contact with beauty must play
a major role.
This means that beauty must not be
just a holiday treat, but a part of our
daily life. It means not just easy physical access, but equal social access for
rich and poor, Negro and white, city
dweller and farmer.
Beauty is not an easy thing to measure. It does not show up in the gross
national product, in a weekly paycheck,
or in profit and loss statements. But
these things are not ends in themselves.
They are a road to satisfaction and
pleasure and the good life. Beauty
makes its own direct contribution to
these final ends. Therefore it is one of
the most important components of our
true national income, not to be left out
simply because statisticians cannot calculate its worth.
And some things we do know. Association with beauty can enlarge man’s
imagination and revive his spirit. Ugliness can demean the people who live
among it. What a citizen sees every day
is his America. If it is attractive it adds
to the quality of his life. If it is ugly it
can degrade his existence.
Beauty has other immediate values.
It adds to safety whether removing direct dangers to health or making highways less monotonous and dangerous.
We also know that: those who live in
blighted and squalid conditions are
more susceptible to anxieties and mental disease.
Ugliness is costly. It can be expensive to clean a soot-smeared building, or
to build new areas of recreation when
the old landscape could have been preserved far more cheaply.
Certainly no one would hazard a national definition of beauty. But we do
know that nature is nearly always
beautiful. We do, for the most part,know what is ugly. And we can introduce,
into
all our
planning,
our
pro-
grams, our building, and our growth,
a conscious and active concern for the
values of beauty. If we do this then we
can be successful in preserving a beautiful America.
There is much the Federal Government can do, through a range of specific
programs, and as a force for public education. But a beautiful America will
require the effort of government at
every level, of business, and of private
groups. Above all it will require the
concern and action of individual citi-
zens, alert to danger, determined to improve the quality of their surroundings,
resisting blight, demanding and building beauty for themselves and their
children.
I am hopeful that we can summon
such a national effort. For we have not
chosen to have an ugly America. We
have been careless, and often neglectful. But now that the danger is clear
and the hour is late this people can
place themselves in the path of a tide
of blight which is often irreversible and
always destructive.
The Congress and the executive
branch have each produced conservation giants in the past. During the 88th
Congress it was legislative-executive
teamwork that brought progress. It is
this same kind of partnership that will
insure our continued progress.
In that spirit as a beginning and
stimulus I make the following pro-
posals:
Se ees
problems of the community just as they
have long been concerned with our rural areas. Among other things, this program will help provide training and
technical assistance to aid in making
our communities more attractive and
vital. In addition, under the Housing
Act of 1964, grants will be made to
States for training of local governmental employees needed for community development. I am recommending a 1965
supplemental appropriation to implement this program.
We now have two programs which
can be of special help in creating areas
of recreation and beauty for our metropolitan area population: the open
space land program and the land and
water conservation fund.
I have already proposed full funding
of the land and water conservation
fund, and directed the Secretary of the
Interior to give priority attention to
serving the needs of our growing urban
population.
The primary purpose of the open
space program has been to help acquire
and assure open spaces in urban areas.
I propose a series of new matching
grants for improving the natural
beauty of urban open space.
The open space program should be
adequately financed, and broadened by
permitting grants to be made to help
city governments acquire and clear
areas to create small parks, squares,
pedestrian malls, and playgrounds.
In addition I will request authority
in this program for a matching program to cities for landscaping, installation of outdoor lights and benches,
creating attractive cityspaces along
roads and in business areas, and for
other beautification purposes.
Our city parks have not, in many
cases, realized their full potential as
sources of pleasure and play. I recommend on a matching basis a series of
Federal demonstration projects in city
parks to use the best thought and action
to show how the appearance of these
parks can better serve the people of our
towns and metropolitan areas.
All of these programs should be operated on the same matching formula
to avoid unnecessary competition
among programs and increase the possibility of cooperative effort. I will propose such a standard formula.
In a future message on the cities I
will recommend other changes in our
housing programs designed to strengthen the sense of community of which
natural beauty is an important component.
In almost every part of the country
citizens are rallying to save landmarks
of beauty and history. The Government
must also do its share to assist these local efforts which have an important national purpose. We will encourage and
support the National Trust for His-
toric Preservation in the United
States,
chartered by Congress in 1949. I shall
propose legislation to authorize supplementary grants to help local authorities acquire, develop, and manage private properties for such purposes.
The Registry of National Historic
Landmarks is a fine Federal program
with virtually no Federal cost. I commend its work and the new wave of
interest it has evoked in historical preservation.
[_] Our
shores,
present
and
system
recreation
of parks,
sea-
areas—monu-
ments to the dedication and labor of
farsighted men—do not meet the needs
of a growing population.
The full funding of the Land and
Water Conservation Fund will be an
important step in making this a Parksfor-America decade.
I propose to use this fund to acquire
lands needed to establish—
Assateague Island National Seashore, Md.-Va.
Tocks Island National Recreation Area, N.J.-Pa.
Cape Lookout National Seashore, N.C.
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore, Mich.
Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Ind.
Oregon Dunes National Seashore, Oreg.
Great Basin National Park, Nev.
‘
Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Tex.
Spruce Knob, Seneca Rocks National Recreation
Area, W.Va.
Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, Mont.Wyo.
Flaming Gorge National Recreation, Utah-Wyo.
Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity
Area,
Calif.
National
Recreation
In addition, I have requested the Secretary of the Interior, working with interested groups, to conduct a study on
the desirability
of establishing
a Red-
wood National Park in California.
I will also recommend that we add
prime outdoor recreation areas to our
national forest system, particularly in
the populous East; and proceed on
schedule with studies required to define
||
|
We must not only protect the countryside and save it from destruction,
we must restore what has been destroyed and salvage the beauty and
charm of our cities.
Our conservation must be not just
the classic conservation of protection
and development, but a creative conservation of restoration and innovation. Its concern is not with nature
alone, but with the total relation between man and the world around him.
A growing population is swallowmg up areas of natural beauty with
its demands for living space, and is
placing increased demand on our
overburdened areas of recreation
and pleasure.
ae
ORES SEE Ty EET E eae EELS ae
EZEESTS
HIGHWAYS
I hope that, at all levels of government, our planners and builders will remember that highway
beautification is more than a matter of planting trees or setting
aside scenic areas. The roads
themselves must reflect, in location and design, increased respect
yal
for the natural and social integ,
ruby ne, MAE OF the LamnasCan?
and communities through which
they pass.
[|] More than any country ours is an
automobile society. For most Americans the automobile is a principal instrument of transportation, work, daily
activity, recreation, and pleasure. By
making our roads highways to the enjoyment of nature and beauty we can
greatly enrich the life of nearly all our
people in city and countryside alike.
Our task is twofold. First, to insure
that roads themselves
e
}
are not destruc-
tive of nature and natural beauty. Second, to make our roads ways to recreation and pleasure.
I have asked the Secretary of Commerce to take a series of steps designed
to meet this objective. This includes requiring landscaping on all Federal interstate primary and urban highways,
encouraging the construction of rest
and recreation areas along highways,
and the preservation of natural beauty
adjacent to highway rights-of-way.
Our present highway law permits the
use of up to 3 percent of all Federalaid funds to be used without matching
for the preservation of natural beauty.
This authority has not been used for
the purpose intended by Congress. I
will take steps, including recommended
legislation if necessary, to make sure
these funds are, in fact, used to enhance
beauty along our highway system. This
will dedicate substantial resources to
this purpose.
I will also recommend that a portion
of the funds now used for secondary
roads be set aside in order to provide
access to areas of rest and recreation
and scenic beauty along our Nation’s
roads, and for rerouting or construction of highways for scenic or parkway
purposes. ...
The authority for the existing program of outdoor advertising control expires on June 30, 1965, and its provisions have not been effective in achieving the desired goal. Accordingly, I will
recommend legislation to insure effective control of billboards along our
highways.
In addition, we need urgently to
work toward the elimination or screening of unsightly, beauty-destroying
junkyards and auto graveyards along
our highways... .
I hope that, at all levels of government, our planners and builders will
remember that highway beautification
is more than a matter of planting trees
or setting aside scenic areas. ...
[_] Those who first settled this continent found much to marvel at. Nothing
was a greater source of wonder and
amazement than the power and majesty
of American rivers. They occupy a central place in myth and legend, folklore
and literature.
They were our first highways, and
some remain among the most important. We have had to control their ravages, harness their power, and use their
water to help make whole regions prosper.
Yet even this seemingly indestructible natural resource is in danger.
Through our pollution control programs we can do much to restore our
rivers. We will continue to conserve the
water and power for tomorrow’s needs
with well-planned reservoirs and power dams. But the time has also come to
identify and preserve free-flowing
stretches of our great scenic rivers before growth and development make the
beauty of the unspoiled waterway a
memory.
To this end I will shortly send to Congress a bill to establish a national wild
rivers system.
THE
POTOMAC
[_] The river rich in history and memory which flows by our Nation’s Capital should serve as a model of scenic
and recreation values for the entire
country. To meet this objective | am
asking the Secretary of the Interior to
review the Potomac River Basin develthe
by
ew
revi
r
unde
now
plan
opment
k
wor
to
and
s,
neer
Engi
y
Arm
of
f
Chie
govl
loca
and
es
Stat
cted
affe
the
with
ernments, the District of Columbia,
and interested Federal agencies to prepare a program for my consideration.
A program must be devised which
will—(a) Clean up the river and keep
it clean, so it can be used for boating,
swimming, and fishing; (b) Protect its
natural beauties by the acquisition of
or other
zoning,
scenic easements,
measures;
(c) Provide adequate recre-
ational facilities; and (d) Complete the
presently authorized George Washington Memorial Parkway on both banks.
I hope action here will stimulate and
inspire similar efforts by State and local governments on other urban rivers
son
Hud
the
as
h
suc
ts,
ron
erf
wat
and
in New York. They are potentially the
greatest single source of pleasure for
those who live in most of our metropolltan areas.
PREVI S Se
bt TR Oa
ert
TRAILS
| | The forgotten outdoorsmen of today
are those who like to walk, hike, ride
horseback, or bicycle. For them we
must have trails as well as highways.
Nor should motor vehicles be permitted
to tyrannize the more leisurely human
traffic.
Old and young alike can participate.
Our doctors recommend and encourage
such activity for fitness and fun.
I am requesting, therefore, that the
Secretary of the Interior work with his
colleagues in the Federal Government
and with State and local leaders and
recommend
to me
a
cooperative
pro-
gram to encourage a national system of
trails, building up the more than hundred thousand miles of trails in our national forests and parks.
There are many new and exciting
trail projects underway across the land.
In Arizona, a county has arranged for
miles of irrigation canal banks to be
used by riders and hikers. In Illinois,
an abandoned railroad right-of-way is
being developed as a “Prairie Path.”
In Mexico utility rights-of-way are
used as public trails....
[_] One aspect of the advance of civilization is the evolution of responsibility
for disposal of waste. Over many generations society gradually developed
techniques for this purpose. State and
local .governments, landlords and private citizens have been held responsible
for insuring that sewage and garbage
did not menace health or contaminate
the environment.
In the last few decades entire new
categories of waste have come to plague
and menace the American scene. These
are the technological wastes—the byproducts of growth, industry, agriculture, and science. We cannot wait for
slow evolution over generations to deal
with them.
Pollution is growing at a rapid rate.
Some pollutants are known to be harmful to health, while the effect of others
is uncertain and unknown. In some
cases we can control pollution with a
larger effort. For other forms of pollution we still do not have effective
means of control....
Air pollution is no longer confined
to isolated places. This generation has
altered the composition of the atmosphere on a global scale through radioactive materials and a steady increase
in carbon dioxide from the burning of
fossil fuels. Entire regional airsheds,
crop plant environments, and river basins are heavy with noxious materials.
Motor vehicles and home heating plants,
municipal dumps, and factories continually hurl pollutants into the air
we breathe. Each day almost 50,000
tons of unpleasant, and sometimes
poisonous, sulfur dioxide are added
to the atmosphere, and our automobiles produce almost 300,000 tons of
other pollutants. .. .
In addition to its health effects, air
pollution creates filth and gloom and
depreciates property values of entire
neighborhoods. The White House itself
is being dirtied with soot from polluted
air.
Every major river system is now
polluted. Waterways that were once
sources of pleasure and beauty and recreation are forbidden to human contact
and objectionable to sight and smell.
Furthermore, this pollution is costly,
requiring expensive treatment for
drinking water and inhibiting the operation and growth of industry.
In spite of the efforts and many accomplishments of the past, water pollution is spreading. And new kinds of
problems are being added to the old:
—Waterborne
viruses, particularly hepatitis, are replacing typhoid fever as a significant health hazard.
—Mass deaths of fish have occurred in
rivers overburdened with wastes.
—Some of our rivers contain chemicals
which, in concentrated form, produce abnormalities in animals.
—Last summer 2,600 square miles of Lake
Erie—over a quarter of the entire lake—
were almost without oxygen and unable to
support life because
of algae and plant
growths, fed by pollution from cities and
farms.
In many older cities storm drains
and sanitary sewers are interconnected. As a result mixtures of storm
water and sanitary waste overflow during rains and discharge directly into
streams, bypassing treatment works
and causing heavy pollution.
In addition to our air and water we
must, each and every day, dispose of a
elimination or substantial reduction of
pollution from liquid-fueled motor vehicles.
Almost all these wastes and pollu-
facture, packaging, and marketing of
our air and streams.
tions are the result of activities carried
|
|
li
pole, wastes
Continuing
technological
progress
and improvement in methods of manu-
consumer products has resulted in an
on for the benefit of man. A prime national goal must be an environment
that is pleasing to the senses and
ever-mounting increase of discarded
material. We need to seek better solutions to the disposal of these wastes.
healthy to live in.
Pesticides
Our Government is already doing
much in this field. We have made significant progress. But more must be
done.
Clean water
Enforcement
authority
must
be
strengthened to provide positive controls over the discharge of pollutants
into our interstate or navigable waters.
Clean air
One of
the
principal
unchecked '
sources of air pollution is the automo-
bile. I intend to institute discussions
Pesticides may
affect living organ-
_18ms wherever they occur.
In order that we may better understand the effects of these compounds,
I have included increased funds in the
budget for use by the Secretaries of
Agriculture, Interior, and Health, Education, and Welfare to increase their
CONCLUSION
ee
In my 33 years of public life I have
research efforts on pesticides so they
can give special attention to the flow
seen the American system move tocon-
of pesticides through the environment:
study the means by which pesticides
serve the natural and human resources’
of our land.
and to keep a constant check on the
that was “depressed.”
_—_ break down
PVA
and disappear in nature;
with industry officials and other inter- __ level of pesticides in our water, air, soil,
and food supply.
ested groups leading to an effective
transformed
an entire region
The rural elec-
trification cooperatives brought electricity to lighten the burdens of rural
|
America.
We have seen the forests re-
planted by the CCC’s, and watched Gifford
Pinchot’s
sustained-yield
concept
take hold on forest lands.
Published
8000
East
and
distributed
Jefferson
Street,
by
the
UAW
Detroit,
Recreation
Michigan
48214
Department
pp. 4-5, Shol
pp. 2-3, Dan McCoy;
Society;
Cover: Paul Zahl © 1964, National Geographic
CREDITS:
PICTURE
p. 9, Jan Jachniewicz, Dan
Hershorn; p. 5, Dan McCoy; pp. 6-7, Steve Shafkin; p. 6, Declan Huan; p. 8, Dan McCoy;
McCoy; p. 10, Richard Swanson, Gene Daniels; p. 11, Declan Huan; p. 12, Bern Keating; p. 18, Charles Moore; p. 14-15,
pp. 16-17, Robert Goodman,
Joe Covello, Dan McCoy, Fred Ward, Kosti Ruohomaa, Kosti Ruohomaa, Gene Anthony;
pp. 17-18, Archie
Gene Daniels, Ivan Massar, Robert Smith, Charles Steinacker, Kosti Ruohomaa, Charles Steinacker;
Zahl, © 1964
p 20, Paul
Steinacker;
Charles
Lieberman, Fred Ward, Dan McCoy, Ken Johnson, Kosti Ruohomaa,
National Geographic Society, Charles Steinacker; p. 21, Dan McCoy; pp. 22-23, Werner Wolff, Dennis Brack, St. Louis
Post-Dispatch; p. 24, Fred Ward; p. 25, Herbert Sands; p. 26, Fred Ward; p. 27, Fred Ward; pp. 28-29, Bern Keating,
inside
St. Louis Post-Dispatch;
Hardee,
Marvin
Gene Daniels, Don Rutledge; p. 30, Gene Anthony, Kosti Ruohomaa,
back cover, John Launois. All photos by Black Star except where indicated.
National
Publishing
Company,
Washington,
D.C.
.
It is true oe
eareless
|
|
with
th
that
our
we
have
natural
often
bounty.
been
At
times we have paid a heavy price for
this neglect. But once our people were _
aroused to the danger, we have acted to
preserve our resources for the enrichment of our country and the enjoyment
of future generations.
.
The beauty of our land is a natural
resource.
the inner
spirit.
Its preservation
prosperity
of
is linked to
the
human
The tradition of our past is equal to
today’s threat to that beauty. Our land
will be attractive tomorrow only if we
organize for action and rebuild and re-
claim
the beauty
we
inherited.
Our
stewardship will be judged by the fore-
sight with
programs.
and
same
which we carry out these
We must rescue our cities
countryside
purpose
and
from
vigor
other areas, we moved
ests and the soil.
‘of
blight
with
with
which,
the
in
to save the for-
THE WHITE
“_s
|
half billion pounds of solid waste.
These wastes—from discarded cans to
discarded automobiles—litter our country, harbor vermin, and menace our
;
health. Inefficient and improper methods of disposal increase pollution of
HOUSE,
February 8, 1965.
1t
GREATNESS *
.
The President’s Message
lA ae
foe cinehacl ee e-s)6
THE
WHITE
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
October
7, 1965
Dear wien ReurnerT UWL
The President thought you'd like to have
this autographed copy of ''Road to Justice'' along
with a supply of the booklets.
He
sends
you his best wishes.
Sincerely,
Jack Valenti
Special Assistant to the President
Mr.
Walter
Reuther
President
U.A.W., AFL-CIO
8000 East Jefferson
Detroit,
Michigan
Enclosures
Avenue
Three Major Statements
on Civil Rights
by
President Lyndon B.
THE
AMERICAN PROMISE
PCLIe LPPAs oe)
S
N
E
s
s
e
S
O
I
A
N
A
R
U
T
A
S
L
o
sh
We EC)
THE DOORS OPEN
August 6, 1965
THE ROAD TO JUSTICE
Three Major Statements
on Civil Rights
by
President Lyndon B. Johnson
THE
AMERICAN PROMISE
March 15, 1965
TO FULFILL THESE RIGHTS
June 4, 1965
THE
DOORS OPEN
August 6, 1965
© Iibin Ruth
oe.
-
Contents
THE.
AMERICAN
PROMISE
(22
..0
20
4-.
Remarks of the President to a Joint Session
of the Congress on March 15, 1965
FO
FULFILL
THESE
RIGHTS...
0.
emarks of the President at Howard University, Washington, D.C’., on June 4,
1965
THE
DOORS
OFENe
i
io
eo es
emarks of the President at the Signing
Ceremony of the Voting Rights Bull, at
the Capitol, August 6, 1965
2
Remarks of the President
to a Joint Session
of the Congress
THE
AMERICAN
March
Mr. SPEAKER,
CONGRESS:
Mr.
PROMISE
15, 1965
PRESIDENT,
MEMBERS
OF
THE
I speak tonight for the dignity of man and the destiny of
democracy.
I urge every member of both parties, Americans of all
religions and of all colors, from every section of this country,
to join me in that cause.
At times history and fate meet at a single time in a single
place to shape a turning point in man’s unending search for
freedom.
So it was at Lexington and Concord.
So it was
a century ago at Appomattox.
So it was last week in
Selma,
Alabama.
There, long-suffering men and women peacefully protested the denial of their rights as Americans.
Many were
One good man, a man of God, was
brutally assaulted.
killed.
There is no cause for pride in what has happened in
There is no cause for self-satisfaction in the long
Selma.
But there
denial of equal rights to millions of Americans.
is cause for hope and for faith in our democracy in what is
happening here tonight.
For the cries of pain and the hymns and protests of oppressed people have summoned into convocation all the
majesty of this great government of the greatest nation on
earth.
Our mission is at once the oldest and the most basic of
this country: to right wrong, to do justice, to serve man.
In our time we have come to live with moments of great
crisis. Our lives have been marked with debate about great
issues; issues of war and peace, of prosperity and depression.
But rarely in any time does an issue lay bare the secret heart
of America itself. Rarely are we met with a challenge, not
to our growth or abundance, our welfare or our security, but
A. Phillip Randolph and President Johnson in the President’s office
rather to the values and the purposes and the meaning of our
beloved nation.
The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such an
issue. And should we defeat every enemy, should we double
our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to
this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation.
For with a country as with a person, “What is a man
profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and lose his own
soul?”
There is no Southern
There is no Negro problem.
‘There is only
There is no Northern problem.
problem.
And we are met here tonight as
an American problem.
Americans to solve that problem.
still sound in every American heart, North and South: “All
men are created equal’—‘“government by consent of the
governed ’—“give me liberty or give me death.” Those are
not just clever words. Those are not just empty theories.
In their name Americans have fought and died for two centuries, and tonight around the world they stand there as
guardians of our liberty, risking their lives.
This was the first nation in the history of the world to be
founded with a purpose. The great phrases of that purpose
Those words are a promise to every citizen that he shall
share in the dignity of man. This dignity cannot be found
[ 8]
[9 J
It rests
in a man’s possessions, his power or his position.
on his right to be treated as a man equal in opportunity
to all others. It says that he shall share in freedom, choose
his leaders, educate his children, and provide for his family
according to his ability and his merits as a human being.
To
of his
is not
honor
apply any other test—to deny a man his hopes because
color or race, his religion or the place of his birth—
only to do injustice, it is to deny America and to disthe dead who gave their lives for American freedom.
THE
RIGHT
TO.
VOTE
Our fathers believed that if this noble view of the rights
of man was to flourish, it must be rooted in democracy.
The most basic right of all was the right to choose your
own leaders. The history of this country, in large measure,
is the history of the expansion of that right to all of our
people.
Many of the issues of civil rights are very complex and
most difficult. But about this there can and should be no
argument. Every American citizen must have an equal right
to vote. There is no reason which can excuse the denial of
that right. There is no duty which weighs more heavily
on us than the duty we have to ensure that right.
Yet the harsh fact is that in many places in this country
men and women are kept from voting simply because they
are Negroes.
And if he manages to fill out an application he is given a
test. The registrar is the sole judge of whether he passes
this test. He may be asked to recite the entire Constitution,
or explain the most complex provisions of State laws. And
even a college degree cannot be used to prove that he can
read and write.
For the fact is that the only way to pass these barriers is
to show a white skin.
Experience has clearly shown that the existing process of
law cannot overcome systematic and ingenious discrimination. No law that we now have on the books—and I have
helped to put three of them there—can ensure the right to
vote when local officials are determined to deny it.
In such a case our duty must be clear to all of us. The
Constitution says that no person shall be kept from voting
because of his race or his color.
We have all sworn an oath
before God to support and to defend that Constitution.
We
must now act in obedience to that oath.
GUARANTEEING
THE
RIGHT
TO
VOTE
Wednesday I will send to Congress a law designed to eliminate illegal barriers to the right to vote.
The broad principle of that bill will be in the hands of the
Democratic and Republican leaders tomorrow.
After they
have reviewed it, it will come here formally as a bill. I am
grateful for this opportunity to come here tonight at the invitation of the leadership to reason with my friends, to give
them my views, and to visit with my former colleagues.
Every device of which human ingenuity is capable has
been used to deny this right. The Negro citizen may go to
register only to be told that the day is wrong, or the hour
is late, or the official in charge is absent. And if he persists,
and if he manages to present himself to the registrar, he
may be disqualified because he did not spell out his middle
name or because he abbreviated a word on the application.
I have had prepared a more comprehensive analysis of the
legislation which I intended to transmit tomorrow but which
I will submit to the clerks tonight. But I want to discuss with
you now briefly the main proposals of this legislation.
[ 10|
[11]
This bill will strike down restrictions to voting in all elections—Federal, State, and local—which have been used to
deny Negroes the right to vote.
This bill will establish a simple, uniform standard which
cannot be used, however
Constitution.
ingenious the effort, to flout our
It will provide for citizens to be registered by officials of
the United States government if the State officials refuse
to register them.
It will eliminate tedious, unnecessary lawsuits which delay
the right to vote.
Finally, this legislation will ensure that properly registered
individuals are not prohibited from voting.
I will welcome suggestions from all of the members of
Congress—and I have no doubt that I will get some—on
ways and means to strengthen this law and to make it effective. But experience has plainly shown that this is the only
path to carry out the command of the Constitution.
To those who seek to avoid action by their national government in their own communities; who seek to maintain purely
local control over elections, the answer is simple:
Open your polling places to all your people.
Allow men and women to register and vote whatever the
color of their skin.
Extend the rights of citizenship to every citizen of this
land.
LZ
a
oeogoShe
BorsOFacsmeS
208) Si is
THE
There
NEED
FOR
ACTION
is no constitutional issue here.
the Constitution is plain.
‘The command
of
It is wrong to deny any of our
There is no moral issue.
fellow Americans the right to vote.
There is no issue of states rights or national rights.
is only the struggle for human rights.
There
I have not the slightest doubt what will be your answer.
The last time a President sent a civil rights bill to the
Congress it contained a provision to protect voting rights in
Federal elections. That civil rights bill was passed after
eight long months of debate.
And when that bill came to
my desk from the Congress, the heart of the voting provision
had been eliminated.
This time, on this issue, there must be no delay, no hesi-
tation and no compromise with our purpose.
We cannot, we must not, refuse to protect the right of
every American to vote in every election that he may desire to participate in. We ought not, we must not, wait
another eight months before we get a bill. We have already
waited a hundred years and more, and the time for waiting
is gone.
I ask you to join me in working long hours, nights, and
weekends if necessary, to pass this bill. And I don’t make
that request lightly.
For from the window where I sit with
the problems of our country I am aware that outside this
chamber is the outraged conscience of a nation, the grave
concern of many nations, and the harsh judgment of history
on our acts.
[ 14 |
Rev. Martin Luther King, Whitney Young, and Roy
in his office
[15]
Wilkins with the President
WE
SHALL
OVERCOME
But even if we pass this bill, the battle will not be over.
What happened in Selma is part of a far larger movement
which reaches into every section and state of America.
It
is the effort of American Negroes to secure for themselves
the full blessing of American life.
Their cause must be our cause too. It is not just Negroes,
but it is all of us, who must overcome the crippling legacy
of bigotry and injustice.
And we shall overcome.
As a man whose roots go deeply into Southern soil I know
how agonizing racial feelings are. I know how difficult it
is to reshape the attitudes and the structure of our society.
But a century has passed, more than a hundred years, since
the Negro was freed. And he is not fully free tonight.
It was more than a hundred years ago that Abraham Lincoln, a great President of the Republican party, signed the
Emancipation Proclamation, but emancipation is a proclamation and not a fact.
A century has passed, more than a hundred years, since
equality was promised.
And yet the Negro is not equal.
A century has passed since the day of promise.
promise is still unkept.
The time of justice has now come. I tell
sincerely that no force can hold it back.
It
eyes of man and God that it should come.
does, I think that day will brighten the
American.
| 16|
And the
you I believe
is right in the
And when it
lives of every
For Negroes are not the only victims. How many white
children have gone uneducated, how many white families
have lived in stark poverty, how many white lives have been
scarred by fear, because we wasted our energy and our
substance to maintain the barriers of hatred and terror?
So I say to all of you here, and to all in the nation tonight,
that those who appeal to you to hold on to the past do so at
the cost of denying you your future.
This great, rich, restless country can offer opportunity
and education and hope to all: black and white, North and
South, sharecropper and city dweller.
These are the
enemies: poverty, ignorance, disease. They are the enemies
and not our fellow man, not our neighbor.
And these enemies too, poverty, disease and ignorance, we shall overcome.
AN
AMERICAN
PROBLEM
Let none of us look with prideful righteousness on the
troubles in another section, or on the problems of our neighbors. ‘There is no part of America where the promise of
equality has been fully kept. In Buffalo as well as in
Birmingham, in Philadelphia as well as in Selma, Americans are struggling for the fruits of freedom.
This is one nation. What happens in Selma or in Cincinnati is a matter of legitimate concern to every American.
But let each of us look within our own hearts and our own
communities, and let each of us put our shoulder to the
wheel to root out injustice wherever it exists.
As we meet here in this historic chamber tonight, men
from the South, some of whom were at Iwo Jima—men
from the North who have carried Old Glory to far corners
of the world and brought it back without a stain on it—
[17]
President Johnson receives the hearty applause of civil
men from the East and West, are all fighting together in
Vietnam without regard to religion, or color, or region. Men
from every region fought for us across the world twenty years
And in these common dangers and these common
ago.
sacrifices the South made its contribution of honor and
gallantry no less than any other region of the great Republic.
rights leaders in the Rose Garden of the White House
of Mexico, from the Golden Gate to the harbors along the
Atlantic, will rally together now in this cause to vindicate the
For all of us owe this duty; and I
freedom of all Americans.
believe all of us will respond to it.
Your President makes that request of every American.
And I have not the slightest doubt that good men from
everywhere in this country, from the Great Lakes to the Gulf
| 18J
[19|
PROGRESS
THROUGH THE
PROCESS
DEMOCRATIC
The real hero of this struggle is the American Negro.
His actions and protests, his courage to risk safety and even
to risk his life, have awakened the conscience of this nation.
His demonstrations have been designed to call attention to
injustice, to provoke change, and to stir reform. He has
called upon us to make good the promise of America. And
who among us can say that we would have made the same
progress were it not for his persistent bravery, and his faith
in American democracy.
For at the real heart of battle for
belief in the democratic process.
the force of arms or tear gas but
right; not on recourse to violence
and order.
equality
Equality
upon the
but on
is a deep-seated
depends not on
force of moral
respect for law
There have been many pressures upon your President and
there will be others as the days come and go. But I pledge
you tonight that we intend to fight this battle where it should
be fought: in the courts, and in Congress, and in the hearts
of men.
We must preserve the right of free speech and the right
of free assembly.
But the right of free speech does not
carry with it, as has been said, the right to holler fire in a
crowded theater. We must preserve the right to free assembly, but free assembly does not carry with it the right
to block public thoroughfares to traffic.
We do have a right to protest, and a right to march under
conditions that do not infringe the Constitutional rights of
our neighbors. And I intend to protect all those rights as
long as I am permitted to serve in this office.
We will guard against violence, knowing it strikes from
[ 20 |
our hands the very weapons with which we seek progress—
obedience to law and belief in American values.
In Selma as elsewhere we seek and pray for peace. We
seek order. We seek unity. But we will not accept the
peace of suppressed rights, or the order imposed by fear, or
the unity that stifles protest. For peace cannot be purchased
at the cost of liberty.
In Selma tonight, as in every city, we are working for
just and peaceful settlement. We must all remember that
after this speech I am making tonight, after the police and
the FBI and the marshals have all gone, and after you have
promptly passed this bill, the people of Selma and the other
cities of the nation must still live and work together. And
when the attention of the nation has gone elsewhere they
must try to heal the wounds and to build a new community.
This cannot be easily done on a battleground of violence,
as the history of the South itself shows. It is in recognition
of this that men of both races have shown such an outstandingly impressive responsibility in recent days.
RIGHTS
MUST
BE
OPPORTUNITIES
The bill that I am presenting to you will be known as a
civil rights bill. But, in a larger sense, most of the program
I am recommending is a civil rights program.
Its object
is to open the city of hope to all people of all races.
All Americans must have the right to vote.
going to give them that right.
And we are
All Americans must have the privileges of citizenship regardless of race. And they are going to have those privileges
of citizenship regardless of race.
But I would like to remind you that to exercise these
privileges takes much more than just legal right. It requires a trained mind and a healthy body.
It requires a
decent home, and the chance to find a job, and the opportunity to escape from the clutches of poverty.
[ 21 |
John Lewis and
James Farmer at
the White House
with President
Johnson and Maj.
Hugh G. Robinson,
Army Assistant
to the Armed
Forces Aide to
the President
a
Remarks
of the President
University
t Howard
Washington,
O
FULFILL
June
THESE
D.C.
RIGHTS
4, 1965
Our earth is the home of revolution.
In every corner of every continent men charged with hope
contend with ancient ways in the pursuit of justice. ‘They
reach for the newest of weapons to realize the oldest of
dreams; that each may walk in freedom and pride, stretching
his talents, enjoying the fruits of the earth.
Our enemies may occasionally seize the day of change.
But it is the banner of our revolution they take. And our
own future is linked to this process of swift and turbulent
But nothing in any
change in many lands in the world.
country touches us more profoundly, nothing is more
freighted with meaning for our own destiny, than the revolution of the Negro American.
In far too many ways American Negroes have been another nation: deprived of freedom, crippled by hatred, the
doors of opportunity closed to hope.
In our time change has come to this Nation too. The
American Negro, acting with impressive restraint, has peace-
28
fully protested and marched, entered the courtrooms and the
seats of government, demanding a justice that has long been
The voice of the Negro was the call to action. But
denied.
it is a tribute to America that, once aroused, the courts and
the Congress, the President and most of the people, have been
the allies of progress.
LEGAL
PROTECTION
FOR
HUMAN
RIGHTS
Thus we have seen the high court of the country declare
that discrimination based on race was repugnant to the Constitution, and therefore void. We have seen in 1957, 1960,
and again in 1964, the first civil rights legislation in this
Nation in almost an entire century.
As majority leader of the United States Senate, I helped to
As your Presiguide two of these bills through the Senate.
dent, I was proud to sign the third. And now very soon we
will have the fourth—a new law guaranteeing every American the right to vote.
No act of my entire administration will give me greater
satisfaction than the day when my signature makes this bill
too the law of this land.
The voting rights bill will be the latest, and among the
most important, in a long series of victories. But this victory—as Winston Churchill said of another triumph for freeIt is not even the beginning of the
dom—“‘is not the end.
end. But it is perhaps, the end of the beginning.”
And the barriers to that freeThat beginning is freedom.
dom are tumbling down. Freedom is the right to share fully
and equally in American society—to vote, to hold a job, to
enter a public place, to go to school. It is the right to be
treated in every part of our national life as a person equal
in dignity and promise to all others.
| 30|
FREEDOM
IS NOT
ENOUGH
But freedom is not enough.
You do not wipe away the
scars of centuries by saying: Now you are free to go where
you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.
You do not take a person who, for years, has been hobbled
by chains and liberate him, bring him up to the starting line
of a race and then say, “You are free to compete with all the
others,” and still justly believe that you have been completely
fair.
Thus it is not enough just to open the gates of opportunity.
All of our citizens must have the ability to walk through those
gates.
}
i
4
i
This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for
civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not
just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a
right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result.
For the task is to give 20 million Negroes the same chance
as every other American to learn and grow, to work and share
in society, to develop their abilities—physical, mental and
spiritual, and to pursue their individual happiness.
To this end equal opportunity is essential, but not enough.
Men and women of all races are born with the same range of
abilities. But ability isnot just the product of birth. Ability
is stretched or stunted by the family you live with, and the
neighborhood you live in, by the school you go to and the poverty or the richness of your surroundings.
It is the product
of a hundred unseen forces playing upon the infant, the child,
and the man.
PROGRESS
FOR
SOME
This graduating class at Howard University is witness to
the indomitable determination of the Negro American to win
his way in American life.
33
\
The number of Negroes in schools of higher learning has
almost doubled in 15 years. "Thenumber of nonwhite professional workers has more than doubled in 10 years. ‘The median income of Negro college women exceeds that of white
college women.
And there are also the enormous accomplishments of distinguished individual Negroes—many of
them graduates of this institution, and one of them the first
lady ambassador in the history of the United States.
In the years 1955 through 1957, 22 percent of experienced
Negro workers were out of work at some time during the
In 1961 through 1963 that proportion had soared to
year.
29 percent.
There are proud
tell only the story of
narrowing the gap
parts.
A
The infant mortality of nonwhites in 1940 was 70 percent
‘Twenty-two years later it was 90 pergreater than whites.
and impressive achievements. But they
a growing middle class minority, steadily
between them and their white counterWIDENING
GULF
But for the great majority of Negro Americans—the poor,
the unemployed, the uprooted and the dispossessed—there
is a much grimmer story.
They still are another nation.
Despite the court orders and the laws, despite the legislative
victories and the speeches, for them the walls are rising and
the gulf is widening.
Here are some of the facts of this American failure.
Since 1947 the number of white families living in poverty
has decreased 27 percent, while the number of poor nonwhite families decreased only 3 percent.
cent greater.
Moreover, the isolation of Negro from white communities
is increasing, rather than decreasing, as Negroes crowd into
the central cities and become a city within a city.
Of course Negro Americans as well as white Americans
But the harsh
have shared in our rising national abundance.
fact of the matter is that in the battle for true equality too
many are losing ground every day.
THE
CAUSES
OF
INEQUALITY
Thirty-five years ago the rate of unemployment for Ne‘Today the Negro rate
groes and whites was about thesame.
is twice as high.
We are not completely sure why this is. The causes are
complex and subtle. But we do know the two broad basic
reasons.
And we do know that we have to act.
In 1948 the 8 percent unemployment rate for Negro teenage boys was actually less than that of whites. By last year
that rate had grown to 23 percent, as against 13 percent for
whites.
First, Negroes are trapped—as many whites are trapped—
in inherited, gateless poverty. They lack training and skills.
They are shut in slums, without decent medical care.
Private and public poverty combine to cripple their capacities.
Between 1949 and 1959, the income of Negro men relative to white men declined in every section of this country.
From 1952 to 1963 the median income of Negro families
compared to white actually dropped from 57 percent to 53
percent.
We are trying to attack these evils through our poverty
program, through our education program, through our medical care and our other health programs and a dozen more of
the Great Society programs that are aimed at the root causes
of this poverty.
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[ 35 |
We will increase, and accelerate, and broaden this attack
in years to come until this most enduring of foes finally
yields to our unyielding will. But there is a second cause—
much more difficult to explain, more deeply grounded, more
It is the devastating heritage of long
desperate in its force.
years of slavery; and a century of oppression, hatred and
injustice.
SPECIAL
NATURE
OF
NEGRO
POVERTY
Many of its
For Negro poverty is not white poverty.
But there are difcauses and many of itscures are the same.
ferences—deep,
corrosive,
obstinate
differences—radiating
painful roots into the community, the family, and the nature
of the individual.
They are
These differences are not racial differences.
solely and simply the consequence of ancient brutality, past
‘They are anguishing to
injustice, and present prejudice.
For the Negro they are a constant reminder of opobserve.
For the white they are a constant reminder of
pression.
guilt. But they must be faced and dealt with and overcome, if we are ever to reach the time when the only difference between Negroes and whites is the color of their skin.
President Johnson receives an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Howard University
on June 4, 1965
Nor can we find a complete answer in the experience of
other American minorities.
They made a valiant and a
largely successful effort to emerge from poverty and prejudice. The Negro, like these others, will have to rely mostly
on his own efforts. But he just can not do it alone.
For
they did not have the heritage of centuries to overcome.
They did not have a cultural tradition which had been
twisted and battered by endless years of hatred and hopelessness. Nor were they excluded because of race or color—
a feeling whose dark intensity is matched by no other prejudice in our society.
Nor can these differences be understood as isolated infirmi‘They cause each other.
ties. They are a seamless web.
They result from each other. They reinforce each other.
Much of the Negro community is buried under a blanket
of history and circumstance. It is not a lasting solution to
lift just one corner of that blanket. We must stand on all
sides and raise the entire cover if we are to liberate our
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[ 37 |
fellow
citizens.
THE
One
ROOTS
of the differences
OF
INJUSTICE
is the increased
concentration
of
Negroes in our cities. More than 73 percent of all Negroes
live in urban areas compared with less than 70 percent of the
whites. Most of these Negroes live in slums. Most of them
live together—separated people. Men are shaped by their
world. When it is a world of decay, ringed by an invisible
wall—when escape is arduous and uncertain, and the saving
pressures of a more hopeful society are unknown—it can
cripple the youth and desolate the man.
There is also the burden that a dark skin can add to the
search for a productive place in society. Unemployment
strikes most swiftly and broadly at the Negro. This burden
erodes hope. Blighted hope breeds despair. Despair brings
- indifference to the learning which offers a way out. And
despair, coupled with indifference, is often the source of destructive rebellion against the fabric of society.
There is also the lacerating hurt of early collision with
white hatred or prejudice, distaste, or condescension. Other
groups have felt similar intolerance. But success and
achievement could wipe it away. They do not change the
color of a man’s skin. I have seen this uncomprehending
pain in the eyes of the little Mexican-American schoolchildren that I taught many years ago. It can be overcome.
But, for many, the wounds are always open.
FAMILY
BREAKDOWN
Perhaps most important—its influence radiating to every
part of life—is the breakdown of the Negro family structure.
For this, most of all, white America must accept responsibil-
This, too, is not pleasant to look upon. But it must be
faced by those whose serious intent is to improve the life of
all Americans.
Only a minority—less than half—of all Negro children
reach the age of 18 having lived all their lives with both of
their parents. At this moment little less than two-thirds are
living with both of their parents. Probably a majority of all
Negro children receive federally aided public assistance
sometime during their childhood.
The family is the cornerstone of our society. More than
any other force it shapes the attitude, the hopes, the ambitions, and the values of the child. When the family collapses it is the children that are usually damaged. When it
happens on a massive scale the community itself is crippled.
So, unless we work to strengthen the family, to create
conditions under which most parents will stay together—all
the rest: schools and playgrounds, public assistance and private concern, will never be enough to cut completely the
circle of despair and deprivation.
TO
FULFILL
THESE
RIGHTS
There is no single easy answer to all of these problems.
Jobs are part of the answer. They bring the income which
permits a man to provide for his family.
Decent homes in decent surroundings, and a chance to
learn—an equal chance to learn—are part of the answer.
Welfare and social programs better designed to hold families together are part of the answer.
ity. It flows from centuries of oppression and persecution of
the Negro man. It flows from long years of degradation and
discrimination, which have attacked his dignity and assaulted
his ability to provide for his family.
An understanding heart by all Americans is also a large
part of the answer.
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Care of the sick is part of the answer.
Enthusiastic
well-wishers
surround
the President following
his address at Howard
University
on June
4, 1965
House conference of scholars, and experts, and outstanding
Thus, American justice is a very special thing. For, from
It
the first, this has been a land of towering expectations.
was to be a nation where each man could be ruled by the
common consent of all—enshrined in law, given life by institutions, guided by men themselves subject to its rule. And
all—all of every station and origin—would be touched
equally in obligation and in liberty.
This White House conference’s theme and title will be ““To
Beyond the law lay the land. It was a rich land, glowing with more abundant promise than man had ever seen.
Here, unlike any place yet known, all were to share the
To all these fronts—and a dozen more—I will dedicate
the expanding efforts of the Johnson Administration.
But there are other answers still to be found. Nor do we
Therefore, I want to
fully understand all of the problems.
announce tonight that this fall I intend to call a White
Negro leaders—men of both races—and officials of government at every level.
Fulfill These Rights.”
harvest.
Its object will be to help the American Negro fulfill the
rights which, after the long time of injustice, he is finally
about to secure.
To move beyond opportunity to achievement.
To shatter forever not only the barriers of law and public
practice, but the walls which bound the condition of man
by the color of his skin.
To dissolve, as best we can, the antique enmities of the
heart which diminish the holder, divide the great democracy,
and do wrong—great wrong—to the children of God.
I pledge you tonight this will be a chief goal of my Administration, and of my program next year, and in years to
come. And I hope, and I pray, and I believe, it will be a
part of the program of all America.
WHAT
IS JUSTICE?
For what is justice?
It is to fulfill the fair expectations of man.
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Each could beAnd beyond this was the dignity of man.
come whatever his qualities of mind and spirit would permit—to strive, to seek, and, if he could, to find his happiness.
This is American justice. We have pursued it faithfully
to the edge of our imperfections. And we have failed to find
it for the American Negro.
It is the glorious opportunity of this generation to end the
one huge wrong of the American Nation and, in so doing, to
find America for ourselves, with the same immense thrill of
discovery which gripped those who first began to realize that
here, at last, was a home for freedom.
All it will take is for all of us to understand what this
country is and what this country must become.
The Scripture promises: “I shall light a candle of understanding in thine heart, which shall not be put out.”
Together, and with millions more, we can light that candle
of understanding in the heart of all America.
And, once lit, it will never again go out.
[ 43|
Remarks of the President at
the Signing Ceremony of
the Voting
Rights
Bill
(At the Capitol)
THE
DOORS
August
OPEN
6, 1965
Mr. Vice President, Mr. Speaker, members of Congress,
members of the Cabinet, distinguished guests, my fellow
Americans:
Today is a triumph for freedom as huge as any victory
that has ever been won on any battlefield. Yet, to seize the
meaning of this day, we must recall darker times.
Three and a half centuries ago the first Negroes arrived at
Jamestown.
‘They did not arrive in brave ships in search
of a home for freedom.
‘They did not mingle fear and joy,
in expectation that in this new world anything would be
possible to a man strong enough to reach for it.
They came in darkness and in chains.
And today we strike away the last major shackle of those
‘Today the Negro story and the
fierce and ancient bonds.
American story fuse and blend.
[ 44|
|
The
doors
to opportunity swing wider as President Johnson signs
Rights Bill at the Capitol on August 6, 1965
[| 49|
the
Voting
Let us remember that it was not always so. The stories
of our nation and the American Negro are like two great
rivers. Welling up from that tiny Jamestown spring they
When
flow through the centuries along divided channels.
pioneers subdued a continent to the need of man, they did not
When the liberty bell rang out in
tame it for the Negro.
When Andrew
Philadelphia, it did not toll for the Negro.
Jackson threw open the doors of democracy, they did not
open for the Negro.
The Voting Rights Law
springs into life
It was only at Appomattox, a century ago, that an American victory was also a Negro victory. And the two rivers—
one shining with promise, the other dark-stained with oppression—began to move toward one another.
THE
PROMISE
KEPT
Yet, for almost a century the promise of that day was not
fulfilled. ‘Today is a towering and certain mark that, in this
generation, that promise will be kept.
In our time the two
currents will finally mingle and rush as one great stream
across the uncertain and marvelous years of the America
that is yet to come.
This act flows from a clear and simple wrong.
Its only
purpose is to right that wrong.
M«4ullions of Americans are
denied the right to vote because of their color. ‘This law
will ensure them the right to vote. The wrong is one which
no American, in his heart, can justify. The right is one
which no American, true to our principles, can deny.
Last year I said: “Until every qualified person—regardless
of * * * the color of his skin—has the right, unquestioned
and unrestrained, to go in and cast his ballot in every precinct in this great land of ours, I am not going to be satisfied.”
Immediately after the election I directed the Attorney
General to explore, as rapidly as possible, the ways to ensure
the right to vote.
And then last March—with the outrage of Selma still
fresh, I came down to this Capitol one evening and asked the
Congress and the people for swift and for sweeping action
In
to guarantee to every man and woman the right to vote.
less than 48 hours I sent the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to the
In little more than four months the Congress,
Congress.
with overwhelming majorities, enacted one of the most monumental laws in the entire history of American freedom.
In 1957, as the leader of the majority in the United States
Senate, speaking in support of legislation to guarantee to
the right of all men a right to vote, I said: “This right to vote
is the basic right without which all others are meaningless.
It gives people, people as individuals, control over their own
destinies.”
The members of the Congress, and the many private
citizens, who worked to shape and pass this bill will share
a place of honor in our history for this one act alone.
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| 49|
THE
WAITING
IS GONE
There were those who said this is an old injustice, and there
is no need to hurry.
But ninety-five years have passed since
the Fifteenth Amendment gave all Negroes the right to vote.
And the time for waiting is gone.
There
were those who
said smaller and more
gradual
measures should be tried. But they had been tried.
For
years and years they had been tried, and tried, and tried, and
they had failed, and failed, and failed.
And the time for failure is gone.
problem.
But,
however
viewed,
of the right to vote is still a deadly wrong.
the denial
And the time for injustice has gone.
This law covers many pages.
But the heart of the act is
plain.
Wherever—by clear and objective standards—
states and counties are using regulations, or laws, or tests to
deny the right to vote, then they will be struck down.
If it is
clear that state officials still intend to discriminate then Federal examiners will be sent in to register all eligible voters.
When the prospect of discrimination is gone, the examiners
will be immediately withdrawn.
And, under this act, if any county anywhere in this nation
does not want Federal intervention it need only open its
polling places to all of its people.
THE
GOVERNMENT
been directed to file lawsuits challenging the constitutionality
of the poll tax in the state of Mississippi. This will begin
the legal process which, I confidently believe, will very soon
prohibit any state from requiring the payment of money in
order to exercise the right to vote.
And also by tomorrow the Justice Department—through
publication in the Federal Register—will have officially certified the states where discrimination exists.
I have, in addition, requested the Department of Justice
There were those who said that this is a many-sided and
very complex
And tomorrow, at 1:00 P.M., the Attorney General has
ACTS
to work all through this weekend so that on Monday morning next, they can designate many counties where past experience clearly shows that Federal action is necessary and
required.
And by Tuesday morning, trained Federal examiners will be at work registering eligible men and women in
ten to fifteen counties.
And on that same day, next ‘Tuesday, additional poll tax
suits will be filed in the states of Texas, Alabama, and
Virginia.
And I pledge you that we will not delay, or we will not
hesitate or we will not turn aside, until Americans of every
race and color and origin in this country have the same right
as all others to share in the process of democracy.
So, through
this act, and its enforcement,
an important
instrument of freedom passes into the hands of millions of our
citizens.
But that instrument must be used.
This good Congress—the 89th Congress—acted swiftly in
passing this act. I intend to act with equal dispatch in enforcing this act.
doors to the polling places, and open the doors to the wondrous rewards which await the wise use of the ballot.
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[91]
Presidents and Congresses, laws and lawsuits, can open the
Senate Majority
Leader Mike
Mansfield, the
Vice President,
Senate Minority
Leader Everett
Dirksen, Speaker
McCormack, and
Chairman Emanuel
Celler with President Johnson
and the signed
Voting Rights
Bill
THE
VOTE
BECOMES
JUSTICE
But only the individual Negro, and all others who have
been denied the right to vote, can really walk through those
doors and can use that right and can transform the vote into
an instrument of justice and fulfillment.
So, let me now say to every Negro in this country: You
must register. You must vote. You must learn, so your
choice advances your interest and the interest of our beloved
nation. Your future, and your children’s future, depend
upon it, and I don’t believe that you are going to let them
down.
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‘This
This act is not only a victory for Negro leadership.
It is a challenge
act is a great challenge to that leadership.
which cannot be met simply by protests and demonstrations.
It means that dedicated leaders must work around the clock
to teach people their responsibilities and to lead them to
exercise those rights and to fulfill those responsibilities and
those duties to their country.
If you do this, then you will find, as others have found
before you,
ever devised
stroying the
are different
that the vote is the most powerful instrument
by man for breaking down injustice and deterrible walls which imprison men because they
from other men.
[ 93 |
LAST
OF
THE
BARRIERS
TUMBLE
So, we will move step by step—often painfully but, I
think, with clear vision—along the path toward American
freedom.
Today what is perhaps the last of the legal barriers is
tumbling.
There will be many actions and many difficulties
before the rights woven into law are also woven into the
fabric of our nation. But the struggle for equality must
now move toward a different battlefield.
It is difficult to fight for freedom. But I also know how
difficult it can be to bend long years of habit and custom to
grant it. ‘There is no room for injustice anywhere in the
But there is always room for underAmerican mansion.
And
standing toward those who see the old ways crumbling.
It is right that it
to them IJ say simply this: It must come.
And when it has, you will find a burden that
should come.
has been lifted from your shoulders, too.
It is nothing less than granting every American Negro
his freedom to enter the mainstream of American life: not
the conformity that blurs enriching differences of culture
and tradition, but rather the opportunity that gives each
a chance to choose.
It is not just a question of guilt, although there is that.
It is that men cannot live with a lie and not be stained by it.
For centuries of oppression and hatred have already taken
their painful toll. It can be seen throughout our land in
men without skills, in children without fathers, in families
that are imprisoned in slums and in poverty.
DIGNITY
aeoianed
iii
But it is alsoa victory for the freedom of the
Negro.
And every family—across this great,
American nation.
entire searching land—will live stronger in liberty, will live
more splendid in expectation, and will be prouder to be
American because of the act that you have passed that I will
sign today.
Thank you.
[ 94 |
A WORD
Thus, this is a victory for the freedom of the American
.
So, it is for this purpose—to fulfill the rights that we now
secure—that I have already called a White House conference
in the nation’s Capital this fall.
JUST
The central fact of American civilization—one so hard for
others to understand—is that freedom and justice and the
dignity of man are not just words tous.
We believe in them.
Under all the growth and the tumult and abundance, we
believe. And so, as long as some among us are oppressed—
and we are part of that oppression—it must blunt our faith
and sap the strength of our high purpose.
RIGHTS ARE NOT ENOUGH
For it is not enough just to give men rights. ‘They must
be able to use those rights in their personal pursuit of happiness. ‘The wounds and the weaknesses, the outward walls
and the inward scars—which diminish achievement—are
the work of American society. We must all now help to
end them—help to end them through expanding programs
already devised and through new ones to search out and
forever end the special handicaps of those who are black
in a nation that happens to be mostly white.
IS NOT
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- Item sets