LATEST UPDATES
Speeches; Aircraft Production
Item
- Title
- Description
- Date
- extracted text
-
Speeches; Aircraft Production
-
box: 539
folder: 17
-
1940 to 1941
-
iy
tf, somehow,
tiven
ultimate
that
reached —
ob ieative: cannot be
by the enemges,they achieve meanwhile a tremendous success a
—
in
ma
re
y
il
ar
ss
ce
ne
st
mu
re
he
yw
er
ev
s
se
as
cl
g
in
rk
since the wo
since
race,
during the growing srmament
regimentatédsa
sort of
.
ns
te
al
on
ti
di
ad
of
e
tun
the
to
ed
en
rd
bu
ly
ng
si
ea
cr
in
are
they
of billions with taxation and national debts which will ‘tend
to keep their purchasing power low, make them pay for the
profits realized by fascist owning classes..keep them thus
dependent on that class meanwhile enriched to the extent of
s
nt
me
st
ve
in
old
on
ed
iz
al
re
s
ar
ll
do
of
ns
io
ll
mi
of
ds
hundre
in plant and equipment. they continue to be able to use for
the manufacture of weapons in a trend of obsolescence, as
@xemplified by the Bethlehem,Pa and a few other similar eur_
went developments of typical concentration of orders costing
7,
the: nation billions, and having no: immediate ‘aid. value Tor
’
eres
Line. of
Pee
our
hoy
defense.
Bear the following also in mind and use the foregoing and the. other
primordeal considerations to arouse public opinion | end develop
righteous public indignation before our Democracy is further handicap.
ped
and
still
exposed
more
those
to
or "unwitting"
subversive
.
actions.
and lag in preparedness in warplanés
Concentration on warships,
hurts the country. It prolongs war. This reterds social progress,
. Concentration on warplanes and 24h,-a-day use of all our plant
facilities suitable for long-range bomber construction,making cna .
|
‘large numbers Gf bombers available to Britain within a tor wes
|
(our own in service now) will enable Britain to knock out Italy.
| totally and release ships from Mgditerranean duty for anti--submerine _
duty
in
the
North
Sea. Those
rapidly than naval eraft
more
| subymarines
and the bases from
bombers
then
wiil
serve
also
to
of
number
the inereasing
can,
which’ they operate,
destroy
enemy
And again to illustrate the, immediate advantages derived from
-¢coneentration on warplanes and reduction of armament expenses..o.
with part of the many billions saved that. Way..we can solve the
re
he
ge
ta
or
sh
’a
is
e.
er
th
é*
ac
pe
in
y
ad
re
Al
.
. acute hospital shortage
for tubercular patients,
beds
now of 150,000
The
government “allotted
to be spent over the next five years. You see, with
60 millions
cate
say 200 millions: of dollars out of one of the many billions
|
.. when your plan. goes trhough and shortens the war and Bheps the.
armament
race...we
can
immediately
on
start
program
a bufiding
oF
o
ae
that will ereate,in addition to the beds needed for tubercular
patients, a sufficiency of hospitalization facilities in all sections,
wRere lack of such needed facilities compel poor people today to
ee
through life with avoidable physical handicaps.
fying -
By
_.
ys
2)
a
e
s
a
e
l
p
,
s
n
a
e
m
all
persevere
campaign.
in your
Go
edi
oa
en apathetic public not suffietently aware of the d angers lurking
about, Arouss people,righteous indignation and so help the .
Administration , now evidently reluctant to make needed changes,
If not, since this:
to make them by the force of public opinion,
since Demoeracy means the rule by majority will, |
aDemocracy,
as
». gince the working people, are the overwhelming majority,..then
'-é¢on the consistent basis of democratic national policy. .demand
Na
‘sack
changes
as
your
needs in order to get
investigations
the right
warrant
PRS
Pe
Cope
which the
preparedness;
kind of
and more
t,
rs
fi
ne
la
rp
wa
e
th
on
e
at
will concentr
‘long-range bombers.
and
e
that
country
which ao
secteelly oron
ae
A
—
500 PLAINES A DAY
P
U
D
E
E
P
S
D
AN
R
WA
R
O
F
P
I
H
S
R
E
N
T
R
A
P
A
N
A
L
P
R
E
H
THE REUT
Y
,
him
exvect
¥Yu'd
*3
Reuther
Walter
worrying
be
to
the
of
director
General
hichcer
necded
ahout
of
Division
Motors
of
st
re
e
th
to
ce
.n
rt
po
im
ts
GM
.
n:
working conditic
er
st
ew
Br
s
lp
he
it
,
es
is
#a
t
ac
s
Tf GM vor:cr
clerr.
the country.
throughout
helps UA. members
wages
the
UAW.
better
and
the industry Ls
workers and it
the
to
s
ng
lo
be
t
ar
he
his
n,
io
Un
the
‘Although Reutherts job is with
for
me
he
sc
a
-an
pl
r
he
ut
Re
the
of
He’s the inventor
corporations.
e—t
en
ti
di
ad
in
Ss
=
o
ct
fa
o
aut
g
in
us
,
by
day
a
es
an
pl
900
out
g
in
rn
tu
regular
get the
esting”
THERE
plane
idea.
and
MUST BE
obvious
It's
It's a scneme
shops.
The}Wall St. Journal
comments
A
it
on
REASON.
thet
when
favorably.
union
production...You
for speedier
says the scheme is “very inter|
put
leaders
WALL
WHEN
their
eee
ST.
AP-LAUDS,
time
main
in
4
}
here Se
os
z
figur-
e
on
's
at
Th
.
ll
ba
&e
th
nd
hi
be
up
ing out speedups, workers wind
.
on
as
re
r
he
ot
an
s
e'
er
th
t
Bu
.
se
au
pl
reason for Wall Street's ap
d
ul
wo
e,
in
ch
ma
r
wa
e
th
to
ly
ct
Reuther's plan would tie labor dire
ier
Am
nd
se
to
m
ra
og
pr
e
th
in
r
cut labor in as a bill-paying partne
icr
sa
t
ou
g
in
al
de
r,
te
gh
au
sl
t
is
al
ri
pe
im
e
th
in
as
se
er
ov
ys
bo
can
ew
Br
e
th
to
s
it
of
pr
in
ns
io
ll
mi
fice and hunger to the workers--and
c.
et
s,
nt
me
ru
st
In
rd
Fo
,
es
op
sc
ro
sters, Sperry Gy
THE
REUTHER
PLAN
IS
A
PRODUCT
OF
SOCIAL
DEMOCRACY
t
en
ag
an
is
r
he
ut
Re
s,
at
cr
mo
De
Socialists and Social
Like all other
os
pr
d
an
e
ac
pe
nt
we
le
op
pe
e
Th
s.
nk
ra
s
r'
of big capitalists in labo
e
th
,
at
th
g
in
ow
Kn
.
em
th
to
it
ve
gi
n
perity and only socialism ca
t
bu
m
is
al
ci
so
of
ce
an
ur
pe
up
d
an
ge
social democrats use the langua
m
ra
og
pr
e
th
er
ov
t
pu
to
ng
yi
tr
e
rob that language of its meaning whil
of
Wall
ot
6
e
th
e
ti
to
d
ie
tr
s
at
cr
mo
De
al
ci
So
The
to
ng
yi
tr
e
'r
ey
th
d
an
r
wa
st
la
e
th
in
workers to the
do the same in
war machine
this one. The
op
in
ed
rm
fo
s
wa
m,
is
al
ci
So
r
fo
er
ht
ig
yf
al
re
ly
on
y,
rt
Pa
t
is
un
Comm
ITI
r
Wa
d
rl
Wo
s
se
po
op
y
rt
Pa
t
is
un
mm
Co
position to World war i [the
s
ng
ga
l
va
ri
o
tw
n
ee
tw
be
l
re
ar
qu
a
last war,
as < continuation of the
to
g
in
th
no
ve
ha
s
er
rk
wo
e
th
h
ic
wh
a quarrel from
of imperialists,
|
.
se
lo
guin and have everything to
OPPOSE
DEFEAT
DEFEND
cna
( Tssued
S.
NK
RA
S
R'
BO
LA
IN
S
AT
CR
MO
DE
:
IAL
SOC
R
HE
UT
RE
NTHE HILLMA
THE FIGHT FOR PEACE,
IN IN
THE LEND-LEASE BILL--JO
OF
Y
RT
PA
LY
ON
Y,
RT
PA
T
IS
UN
MM
CO
THE
OF
THE LEGALITY
.
TS
GH
RI
S
R'
BO
LA
OF
R
TE
OR
PP
SU
SOCIALISM, AND
py the
i —PRarty,Lst—iD—Qieens,
st
Commun
READ
THE
DAILY
ancl SUNDAY
LIC.
WORKER
)
"ey
i
r—“ =e
Two
6
MICHIGAN
THE
JOURNALnployes
105
9
2
8
6
2
E
N
O
H
P
ee
ee
B. U. WilkeS|rne
ee
d
r
a
w
o
H
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Editors
by
ious
in
eee:
e
a
some
300 men and
and refreshing.”
of cost to the
amount
showed
s
r
u
o
h
4
0
9
t
s
u
g
of Au
h
cweurne ne cothnesuemeTd
i
that
presented
were
Figures
Creek
Battle
Friend
to PAUSE AND REFRESH
.
)
a
l
o
C
o
c
o
C
k
n
i
(dr
Street
Manchester
manner
t
s
e
W
e
h
t
w
o
l
l
a
o
t
y
n
a
p
m
o
c
it cost the
bee
LABOR —_ula
Be00
out
brought
STATE
in a humorous
’
company)
.
h
t
n
o
m
e
n
o
r
o
f
0
6
:
3
1
8
$
at
d
e
t
a
m
i
t
s
e
s
a
Reed | w
End
e
l
t
t
a
B
f
o
d
n
B
t
s
e
W
—
k
e
e
r
C
:
e
l
t
t
a
B
:
:
g
is
Creek
indeed
in
fortunate
statisticians
. The
of
the
figuring
nal are at WOE
out just nee!
of a
sort
ere
unionites.
Battle
meeting
business
of Clark
4
g
n
i
r
u
D
—
k
e
e
r
C
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
e
h
t
of
&é
“hand-back”
a
We'll
be
x
i
n
e
o
h
P
y
b
d
Printe
”
to the thirsty|
s
seeing
Mr.
Printing Co.
McCamly
41 N.
you,
St
Groceries, Vegetables
Meats
havin
d
o
o
g
a
e
i
h
p
o
S
m
a
S
f
o
n
o
s
r
e
p
lin t.cheme
?
o
b
a
1
to
d
n
e
i
r
f
i
J
o
:
n
e
i
B
cerman and a good
a
d
e
t
a
r
e
p
o
s
a
h
years Sam
Se
s
d
o
o
f
g
n
i
v
r
e
s
,
e
r
o
t
s
y
r
e
c
o
r
g
s
s
a
first cl
:
:
store
wants
iS
Federated
By
gro
For many
Press
Open
a
it,
good
tain their
army.
while
standing
Phone
will be
and re-
L.
of
F.
.
A
e
h
t
of
s
eral local
s
t
n
e
m
y
a
p
s
e
u
d
m
o
exempted fr
Resta
h
c
i
w
d
n
a
S
k
c
a
n
S
e
h
T
—
k
e
e
r
C
Battle
e
h
t
w
e
n
e
h
t
y
b
d
e
c
a
l
p
e
r
g
n
i
e
Shop, b
jatre
moved
side
at
West
73
to a new
of Michigan.
at 98 West
Michigan
location
The
Avenue,|
LANDE
on the North’
new
Michigan.
location
is|liam
e
h
t
d
e
d
i
v
o
r
p
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
l
n
i
e
g
n
a
h
c
e
Th
.
s
r
e
t
r
a
u
q
r
e
g
r
a
l
Snack Shop with
SALVAGE
Green,
set
will
in getting
conscripts
assist
67
President Wil-
up
back
to
:
T
S
R
I
n
F
a
i
t
a
r
e
g
i
r
f
e
R
n
o
i
t
a
t
i
San
f{
2
4
46
e
ry
the
American
industry,
and
govern
oak at or
American
labor
to safe-
n
e
m
g
n
u
o
y
e
h
t
f
o
nomic well-being
y
t
i
l
i
b
i
s
n
o
p
s
e
r
e
h
t
g
n
i
who are shoulder
.
d
e
d
d
a
e
h
”
,
n
o
i
t
a
n
\of defending the
d
n
e
p
s
u
s
in
l
i
c
n
u
o
c
The action of the
r
e
e
t
n
u
l
o
v
or
d
e
t
f
a
r
d
r
o
f
s
e
u
d
e
h
t
g
n
i
|
r
a
l
i
m
i
s
s
a
w
y
r
a
t
i
l
i
m
e
h
t
of
s
r
e
b
m
e
m
n
o
i
t
n
e
v
n
o
c
1
1
9
1
e
h
to action taken by t
x
e
r
a
l
i
m
i
s
a
d
e
t
o
v
of the AFL which
emption.
.
H
C
I
M
,
O
O
Z
A
KALAM
.
e
v
A
.
h
c
i
M
.
E
7
3
2
1
Phone 2-3940
.
H
C
I
M
,
K
E
E
R
C
BATTLE
123 Green Street
‘Phone 8541
.
O
C
Y
T
L
A
E
R
R
E
P
O
O
C
.
Y
D
FRE
FARM
AND
CITY
PROPERTY
s
l
a
t
n
e
R
—
s
e
d
a
r
T
—
Sales
WE
SPECIALIZE
IN
INTER-CITY
EXCHANGE
ce
Union
BEERS—BOTTLED
House
AND
DRAUGHT
Creek
Battle
n
o
i
n
U
f
o
Hundreds
g
n
i
k
e
e
S
s
Laborer
s
b
o
J
n
o
i
n
U
c
u
r
t
s
n
o
c
r
e
t
s
u
C
e
h
T
—
k
e
e
r
C
e
l
t
t
a
B
y
o
l
p
m
e
n
u
g
n
i
s
u
a
c
p
u
s
w
o
l
s
b
o
j
n
o
ti
.
s
r
e
r
o
b
a
l
n
o
i
n
U
f
o
s
d
e
r
d
n
u
h
r
o
f
t
n
e
m
1/ There
,will
Bros.
Brand!
QUALITY
WEAR
MEN’S
Reasonably
Priced
Michigan
22 West
Battle Creek
& RICH
BEECH
Painting
and
Cleaning
Steam
Contractors
Ask
Estimates
for
Grand
Battle Creek
Rapids
Kalamazoo
Battle
Creek
Phone
8012
k
e
e
r
C
e
l
t
t
a
B
t
a
h
t
is little hope
be
| struction
MEALS
|
Street
.
e
c
i
v
r
e
s
f
o
d
o
i
r
e
p
r
i
e
h
t
r
e
t
f
a
s
b
jo
y
r
e
v
e
o
d
o
t
d
e
n
i
m
r
e
t
e
d
is
L
F
A
“The
s
e
s
s
e
r
t
i
a
w
d
n
a
.
d
s
i
r
a
s
e
t
i
a
n
w
e
e
r
G
g
n
i
l
”
,
smi
y
c
n
e
g
r
e
m
e
f
o
e
m
i
t
s
t
i
n
i
|
s
d
o
o
f
y
t
s
a
t
e
m
a
s
e
h
T
.
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
l
d
f
l
o
o
y
t
u
d
the
c
i
t
o
i
r
t
a
p
d
n
a
r
a
e
l
c
e
h
t
ig
t
J
“
|
e
h
t
is
l
l
i
t
s
it
t
a
h
t
s
r
e
n
i
d
e
h
t
reminds
ment, American
:
S. Kendall
their
s
u
t
a
t
s
e
h
t
t
c
e
t
o
r
p
o
t
r
e
w
o
p
s
t
i
n
i
g
n
i
h
t
|
l
u
f
i
t
u
a
e
b
a
d
e
e
d
n
i
is
e
c
a
l
p
o
h
w
e
s
o
h
t
| The new
f
o
e
r
a
f
l
e
w
e
h
t
e
t
o
m
o
r
p
d
n
a
e
m
a
s
e
h
t
d
n
i
f
y
r
u
t
o
n
y
u
o
c
e
r
e
r
h
u
T
o
e
.
v
t
r
n
e
s
o
t
restaura
n
o
p
u
d
e
l
l
as Of|are ca
Snack of old.
2-2669
Phone
a
r
e
d
e
f
e
t
a
t
s
d
n
a
s
e
i
d
o
p
l
a
r
t
n
e
c
y
t
i
C
machinery
AND
IRON
SCRAP
d
i
a
p
s
a
w
n
o
i
t
a
compens
employment
.
s
r
e
b
m
e
m
r
i
e
h
t
to
s
out by the union
L
F
A
o
t
g
n
i
d
r
o
c
c
a
,
s
tion
Michigan
680 W.
5701
the
in
.
Favorite
SOPHIE
<<a
d
e
s
o
l
c
s
i
d
s
a
w
it
At the same time
l
a
n
o
i
t
a
n
r
e
t
n
i
d
n
a
l
a
n
o
i
t
a
n
e
h
t
s
y
a
t
w
a
l
h
t
a
e
r
a
s
e
g
a
r
e
v
e
b
e
t
your favori
e
f
a
s
o
t
s
p
e
t
s
g
n
i
r
e
d
i
s
n
e
o
m
c
o
h
e
r
d
a
e
i
r
r
a
s
c
n
o
i
be
n
u
at Sam’s waiting to
s
r
e
b
m
e
m
n
o
i
n
u
f
o
guard the benefits
and enjoyed.
.
r
e
e
t
n
u
l
o
v
o
h
w
r
o
d
e
t
f
a
r
d
e
r
a
|who
n
e
p
e
g
a
d
l
o
in
0
0
0
,
0
0
0
,
5
2
$
r
a
e
y
t
Las
n
u
d
n
a
h
t
l
a
e
h
,
s
t
i
f
e
n
e
s
b
e
h
t
v
a
e
o
d
M
,
s
n
o
t
si
uran
3°
Delivery Service
.
M
P.
11
ll
Ti
y
a
D
Every
SAM
of fed-
(FP)—Members
Washington
e
r
o
t
s
s
i
h
s
d
l
o
h
m
a
S
,
n
o
s
a
e
r
t
a
h
t
r
o
so, f
Satur:00 P. M.
1
1
ll
ti
y
a
d
y
r
e
v
e
n
e
p
o
|
n
i
d
e
c
a
l
p
e
b
d
l
u
o
h
s
g
n
i
s
i
t
r
much adve
.
0
0
:
2
1
ll
ti
y
a
d
a
s
a
a
l
o
C
o
c
o
C
y
b
the Labor Journal
S
E
N
I
W
—
S
R
E
E
B
TO TAKE OUT
,
s
r
o
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
D
d
e
t
a
n
g
i
s
Special De
l
o
r
t
n
o
C
r
o
u
q
i
L
n
a
g
i
h
Mic
Commission
Labor
of
|
t
a
m
i
t
s
e
y
b
t
a
d
e
v
i
r
e
d
s
a
w
e
r
u
g
i
f
s
i
h
T
|
g
i
b
o
L
e
Georg
e
:
h
t
o
t
t
:
s
o
l
e
r
e
w
s
e
t
u
n
i
m
e
n
v
.
i
s
f
r
s
a
l
c
t
a
h
t
r
e
g
e
t
n
t
i
e
e
b
e
h
t
f
o
e
.
k
n
a
r
d
e
e
l
t
t
o
b
h
c
a
e
r
o
f
y
r
e
y
c
n
o
a
r
g
p
m
o
a
c
|
t
a
h
t
n
a
m
e
s
l
l
e
o
e
C
f
r
m
e
a
l
S
y
u
C
-------.-g
n
i
e
s
n
o
i
t
r
n
e
h
w
Adve
e
c
i
v
r
e
s
y
r
a
s
s
e
c
e
n
r
u
o
J
r
o
b
La
Associate
L
A
N
R
U
O
J
R
LABO
S
e
STATE
MICHIGAN
oe
able
to
absorb
them
on
con-
work.
o
t
e
s
o
l
c
d
i
a
p
n
e
m
Close to 1,000
s
r
e
b
m
e
m
n
o
i
n
u
e
m
o
c
e
b
o
t
0
0
.
0
0
0
,
5
$2
e
s
r
u
o
c
f
O
.
b
o
j
r
e
t
s
u
C
e
h
t
n
o
k
r
o
w
i|to
n
o
t
n
e
m
y
o
l
p
m
e
d
n
fi
may
these men
e
h
t
f
o
s
t
r
a
p
r
e
in oth
construction
s
e
u
d
r
i
e
h
t
p
e
e
k
y
country and if the
.
n
i
a
g
a
n
i
o
j
e
r
o
t
e
v
a
h
paid they will not
n
i
d
e
l
l
i
k
s
e
r
a
n
e
Many of these m
des.
and
no
doubt
as the
defense |
BOHANNA
REALTORS
Desirable
of
Lots
the
in All Parts
City
A
H
F
w
e
N
r
u
o
Y
d
l
Let Us Bui
n
w
o
D
%
0
1
h
t
i
w
e
m
Ho
LUNCHES
Union
TOMMY’S
TAVERN
BEERS—BOTTLED
YOUR
50614,
Upton,
AND
at Avenue
6000 FURNITURE
DRAUGHT
FAVORITE
WINES
Rightly
A
Priced
Battle Creek
Business Phone
Residence
2-3842
2-4687
4 Porter
Phone
BATTLE
hi
St.
for
Battle Creek
“WE
35
Dyeing,
Cleaning,
DYE
H. W. JOHNS,
135 W.
LIVE”
Pressing,
IMPERIAL
IDEAL
2-1532
DYVE.FO
Repairing,
years
Etc.
Gas
OIL
3711
20 Angell
Creek
Out
we
Street
in ambulent treatment of Hernia
(rupture), Varicose Veins, Ulcers,
Piles,
Removal
of Warts,
Méles
and other Skin Blemishes
GREASING
2s5
20 Years
Experience
.
E. M. SCHAEFFER
817 W.
Phone
2-1731
on Dental
A
to Your
plate
weight,
Own
VULCANITE
base
and
with complete
with
strong.
PLATES
natural
gum
Thousands
satisfaction.
LW
natural
$eeth.
a
@
flesh
Ati
ALL
Your Old Plate
Duplicated
In New
tote
Materials
$ 5.00
Plate Repairs
One Day Service
i
$
OO
translucency
color
oni
of
which
BS
the
blends
gums.
Savings!
$
OO
worn
being
with
Gold
the
pin
$992
oi
ae
FULLY
22 East Michigan
Avenue
(Over Speaker’s Drug
Battle Creek” Mich.
Store)
at Number
Street
MILITARY
the
find
57
Desirable
Lots
of
Let
Us
Build
Home
Phone
the
in
All
City
Your
with
Parts
New
10%
8161
FHA
Down
1 E. Michigan
Battle
Z0 Years
Creek
Opposite
Postum
What has become
for
plan
Reuther’s
Planes?
We
of ‘Red’ Walter
War
producing
could expect HIM
to assume
the
Specially
Designated
Distributor
Phone
591
2-1612
E. Michigan
attitude that he is superior to “Bill”
Knudsen on matters of production.
BEAUTY
The shoppe is fully equipped to care
for all types of hair dressing and, of
course, the operators are skilled in the
work of adding youth and beauty to
one’s appearance.
Shoppe,
Military Beauty
The
Try
you'll like it.
We might look into the congressional
The answer
records of January 16th.
may be there.
=H OOs
TRACE
MARK
REGISTERED
BAZLEY
AND
JUNEDALE
MEATS
WHEN
of Finest Quality
JOHN
K. GODFREY
Jeweler
GUARANTEED
DR. F. P. GRAVES
DENTIST
Foster
20
EASY CREDIT TERMS. @
MATERIALS
at
Fountain
to 30%
light
tint,
TRANSPARENT PLATES
Possesses
11 W.
Plates
Measure—Up
REALTORS
Physician
Osteopathic
Michigan
BOHANNA
E. H. FRECKING
beauty shoppe
new
This
SHOPPE.
'}seems to have won the approval of the
wives and daughters of military men
right from the start, as well as we
from civilian life.
CLINICS
Service Station
Made
close to
paid
Close to 1,000 men
union members
$25,000.00 to become
Of course
to work on the Custer job.
find employment on
these men may
the
of
parts
other
in
construction
country and if they keep their dues
paid they will not have to rejoin again.
Many of these men are skilled in
trades, and no doubt as the defense
they will
greater
becomes
program
Their
find employment in that field.
membership in the laborers’ union will
not take them into a craftsmen union.|
It would become necessary to join as |
should the applicant
a new member
be without a card.
e
Prop.
Battle
Michigan-VanBuren
She
of
the arrival
Battle Creek—With
men to Fort Custer brings to Battle
Creek many new names for business
establishments, many of which have a
similarity to the fort and all it represents.
LAUNDRY
Phone
WORKS
Michigan
YAS
CREEK
THE
PHONE
MUVvusvisb
——— |Beauty Shoppe
Has Military Name
YOUR LAUNDRY
LIPPINCOTT AUTO REPAIR
GENERAL REPAIRING
Michigan
°
Smit
E.
Charles
370 W.
CREEK
BATTLE
MEALS
House
Bldg.
25 Kingman
8811
Phone
Wes
Quality and
18%
West
Service
Michigan
Battle
Creek
Avenue
YOU
WANT
COAL
Just a phone call will put a
load
of
the
‘Pick-of-theMines” on the way to your
home.
R.J, GORLETT
AND SONS”
Phone 5165
182 Elm St.
m
o
Y
a
n
i
e
r
a
m
s
m
e
t
u
o
v
o
o
s
s
e
w
|
,
M
S
T
I
N
A
C
I
R
E
M
A
s
e
l
a
S
o
t
u
A
y
Henr
WHY?
Michigan Disabled American Veterans|°ther
You deal with the owner, and corners can be cut
when
ik eo
AND
HUDSON
4368
503
Capital,
I
have
been
organization
SERVICE
AND
SALES
WILLYS
agree.
Deal
Next
for Your
Henry
See Mr.
a
member
of
Battle
labor
Money
a
member
Conductors,
of
the
Having
been
I
born
believe
served
I: am2
2s tae
the
an American
:
armed tore
BLUE
Four
|
ACON
BE
| country
We
l|class.
Tons Will Last as Long as Five Tons
of Ordinary Coal
Phone
6111
|
Complete
Line of Standard
Avenue
Phone
in time
SERVICE
manufacturing group, the Better Busi} ness Men’s
,
Association, the Chamber of
Oil Products
Commerce,
etc.
I have
always
my
with
ea
investment,
to
to
are
ing
in my twenty-five
that all
of people,
WH
Phone
attempted
tess
to
have
be
¥
fair |
a big
and first of all, we must
I stated previously that I have been
and in France.
I have lived
in Canada, and I have seen these countries, not only in war, but in peace.
I
am glad, after traveling in these coun:
:
tries,
am a an American, and that
|" .0% that
‘hat 7 I am
seen
|™@2Y travels.
pee
many
strange
sights
LIKE
SNACK
O
CK
33-35
N.
McCamly
the most
98 West
NEW
LOCATION
SANDWICH
SHOP
Michigan
Battle
‘
Floors Sanded
L. W.
Phone 5083
Use
Floors Finished
SEAMAN
CONTRACTOR
FLOOR
We
Creek
<7
Floors Laid
in
pounce
OUR
Always the Best in Foods
I have seen some beautiful
ema
; y F " :
7
YOU’LL
I just wonder if we Americans some-
I have
GUIDE
met
I have
reproach.
in England
of
STYLE
5711
r
bo
la
s
ou
ri
va
e
th
of
s
al
ci
fi
|™@2Y 28h of
ly
st
mo
e
ar
ey
th
d
an
s,
on
organizati
above
a Copy
Permit Us
years of be-
pecal
vas
oo
Your Home,
in
of war or peace
these kind
by
You
SHERWIN-WILLIAMS
persons as spies,
to convey
3
to Send
labor
give
them
the
best
services
possible
|*'®
7
SAR
|
¢
||®'°
so that they may make a profit, If our | &© See, is our United States flag flying
Battle Creek
|
A
Ave., at Fountain
Capital
caused
because
of peace.
that is through our organizations. This
is not criticism to our employers.
We are aware that our employers
are organized in various groups, the
9152
‘
1 do not mean
way we can receive fair treatment, and
and SERVICE
ACCESSORIES
:
South
-It is our duty
the
organizations
of treating such
Battle Creek, Michigan
4£ You Are Planning Redecorating
times appreciate our country, our freeLabor has only one thing to sell and|dom of speech, religion, and freedom
, that is their service.
There is only one/|to strike, if necessary.
CO.
133
STANDARD
WALTON’S
ae
COAL
of war.
\
: now to preserve the principles of de-|
mocracy
FRANKLIN-BISHOP
believe in American prinwas our duty Ato
; preserve our
ciples.
It
country in time
veterans’
in
Street
and that their sentence should be death.
are
of the laboring
are in the most
favor
:
and | /abor troubles in time
The veterans of the past wars of our
:
our country
If we will
past during
person
47 McCamly
CO.
NEWS
CREEK
BATTLE
during
spy attempting
selling his plan
and
disreputable
Our
United
some
labor,
orentition
ae
in
through
disrupt
Division No. 6,
| | France.
A
been
Order
of the United States during the World|
O
important
some
I became
Stat
es,
=
ee
(
It is more
ago,
Creek
With
is no|{|
war, we will find that our trouble has||_
War in the United States, England
Save
There
years.
I became
affiliated with the
Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen in
the early part of 1915.
About ten years
of Railway
eee
has failed.
war, or at this time, when
is preparing as they are.
study labor’s stand in the
twenty-six
past
for the
a
in Battle Creek, Michigan.
5.W.,
plan
reason why labor and capital cannot
discussing prices and trade-in values.
By All Means
zone
Labor has the right to bargain. I am
By CARL NOTTKE
Americanism Chairman Department of | ®0t in favor of strikes, unless every
Cars
in Used
Savings
Great
Offers
Three -
i
JOURNAL
LABOR
STATE
MICHIGAN
DURA-SEAL,
the Life-time Finish
237 W. - Goguac
Gog
Battle Creek
St -
employer is successful in conducting | 2#!0ft over our country.
bee it 2s
his business in a successful manner, | °CCUr tO you to look at this flag, an
better wages | 5©® how beautiful it really is? It waves
If our em-|°V&" the best country in the world, the
r
ve
ne
has
t
tha
d
rl
wo
the
in
y
tr
un
co
°@°
|
is
re
the
a profit,
we employes may expect
and working conditions.
:
STEWAR
Phone
6231
Battle
Twelve
Washed
Pounds
and
Michican
E.
Michigan
Ave.
Each
to close the doors,
i|
no
for Ironing
Enough
Additional
Pound,
4c
Oil Changes
Two
Stations
SUNOCO
Complete Lubrication
to Serve
You
NU-BLUE
the
)
We
veterans
victorious.
country
at
of past
wars
have
been
the
present
time,
if
an
lin es
: only our fighting men and women that
only }©#2 preserve our freedom, but they
are based
country.
upon the cost of living
:
in organization,
I believe
not
| becomes
for laboring men, but for business men, | ™USt
vatorane: oftieacional mie oe
the
has
past
decided
few
months,
upon
involved
in
war.
It
is
not
Phone
our /| country, if the occasion
have
to live under
EQUIPMENT
Q
2-4414
Battle
GET
that
conditions
we may
forefathers
desired
to
HR
S
enjoy
3
53
E.
Michigan
Creek
—
HABIT
THE
TY
T A
ANK’
S
S
RESTAURANT
EAT
F
AT
|
OODS
people
The veterans who have fought for
for an invasion, Iam most positive that;
no other country would dare to attempt | you so that you may live in America
our
AND
INSTITUTIONAL
so arises, than
of any | ourselves, such as the American
the largest defense program
If our country is prepared | have the privilege to live.
country.
as
AND
ale & dafonce of me
body of legislators that we should have | of government whereby
invasion.
RESTAURANT
SUPPLIES
The veterans’ organizations|the majority of the people of other
program.
for the past twenty years have attempt- | countries are forced to live under. Our
ed and recommended to our national|}form of government is the only form
an
, S
K
R
have the assistance of labor.
Se alee
a defence|to
HOTEL,
We ask labor to assist our
Our | emergency arises, whereby our country
|country
NU-BLUE
or reduce
i
is, met defeat.
ing of any country in the world.
During
PARKINSON’S SERVICE STATIONS
that
him;
We have the highest standard of liv-|
! wages
Just Damp
for
objective
one
wages of his employes.
WASH
Returned
for 59c.
either
57-59
Creek,
DAMP
Everything
||only
LAU
is not making
ployer
|
T
S
live,
85 W.
Michigan
Battle Creek
ask | ——_—_—_—_—___—————————————————
—
—
SUNOCO
to Serve
Stations
Two
Complete Lubrication
_
Oil Changes
country
our
is
Upton
Capital, S.W.
at Boardman
at Webber
prepared | have the privilege to live.
The three major veterans’ organiza-|a favor of labor, that they will do all
y
nc
ge
er
em
an
if
,
ist
ass
to
le
sib
pos
|
Nang
ri
du
tes
tions in the United Sta
wn
do
ses
pas
de
ra
pa
a
en
Wh
.
ses
ari
|
t
tha
d
ke
as
0
194
in
s
on
ti
tional Conven
g
fla
an
ic
er
Am
the
and
,
eet
str
e
th
-|
de
be
st
Coa
st
We
the
of
Mr. Bridges
to
se
ari
l
wil
n
me
wo
the
,
you
ses
pas
|
has
s
ge
id
Br
Mr.
t
tha
l
fee
We
ported.
nd
ha
ht
rig
ir
the
ce
pla
and
t
fee
ir
the
|
ng
bei
ne
alo
let
y,
no place in our countr
n
me
the
t
tha
and
rt,
hea
ir
the
r
ove
|
anorg
or
lab
any
mq | active, or the head of
ization.
Our organizations have proven | arise, and remove their caps or hats.
that he is guilty of the charges
was tried for.
e
m
o
H
l
a
r
e
n
u
F
y
e
l
r
Fa
Model Finance
B. H. Whitsitt
f.|Sam Amon
“1|
Ellis
;
;
.
=
:
Co.
Publishing
Ashley
Anderson
Grand
Alexander Drug
Sacket Service
Battle Creek. || Battle Creek Sandwich
15 E. State St.
Boydell Paints
Battle Creek Mattress
Acme Freight
Anson Hotel
Armstrong Billiard
:
2
2:
|2
.
Co
s
d
o
o
F
n
o
i
t
c
e
f
Per
Manufacturers
PERFECTION
|
Battle Creek
Taylor
FOOD
|
Michigan
on
SPORTING
Be Sure to Visit
THE
Entertainment
NEW
and
Every
12 N. Monroe
Battle Creek
Battle
Beauty
GROCERY
AND
WINE
43 Aldrich
Open Sundays
TO
YOUR
RALLY
R. W. SNYDER & CO.
EXTRACTS
Michigan
Battle Creek
a
m
e
t
s
y
S
g
n
i
n
a
e
l
C
y
The Columbia D
INSURES
Perfect
Cleaning
Plumbing
Perfect
Service
Perfect
Repairing
COLUMBIA CLEANERS
Battle Creek:
6148
Phone
7
Regular
HEADQUARTERS—
Prop.
Creek
LOCATION—
NEW
TO
SUCCESS
Meals
LEGION
CIGAR STORE
Kalamazoo:
2-4820
at 30 Cents
GRILL
(Near Monument)
Cigars and Magazines
L. C. Hauck,
9350
Phone 7923
‘Capital Greenhouse
Auto Club
Acme Freight
Moss Service
Acme Tire
Night
BEERS—WINES—FOODS
Phone
567 E. Michigan
Leader
Artbur Crooks,
MAIN
CASINO
Dancing
Billman
New England Pies
Terrace Cottage
Welcome Cafe
Zangaro Grocery
Trumble Service
Dr. Tall, Dentist
Weimer’s Cafe
EAGLE’S DRUG STORE
“THE REXAL STORE”
BEER
Holmes Motors
Produce
85 W. Michigan
GROCERIES—VEGETABLES—MEATS
Batle Creek Electric
Stewart Laundry
|
of
DOG
Austin & Hoyt
Dr. Irish
Battle Creek
D. PICHITINO
McLellan Stores
Gamble Stores
Mayo Jewelry
Mill’s Smoke Shop
Michigan Inter-State
Ave A Market
Clark Rugs
Michigan Loan
Agnew Coal
Eagle Cafe
Don Barker
Keyes-Davis
Paul Button
Beech & Rich
Bread
RESTAURANT
MOVED
Long Drug
Sheriff-Goslin
John Wagner
Farley Funeral Home
Gold Dollar Cafe
Dr. Graves
Russel Garage
Speaker’s Drug
Creamery
FOODS
TASTY
SHRANK’S
fought for.
Lesh Ayito Body
Abbott Cont. Co.
A-B Stove
B. C. Concrete
Amburg & Murphy
Battle Creek Dog Food
Dr. Blatchford
Bedford Mills
Yaw & Hocott
6109
Club
Dairy
Dr. Amos
Stanley Zuk
Battle Creek
Printing
Phone
the flag that we
Fred Teeter
Bergey Interiors
McKay : Laboratories
Silver Foam
Shaw Funeral Home
Co.
me | Alsteel Mfg. Co.
American Legion
33
;
SERVICE
that he | We
ask that you honor
OUR PATRONS
Capitol at Adams
AMBULANCE
the majority of the people of other
countries are forced to live under. Our
form of government is the only form
of government whereby we may enjoy
ourselves, such as the American people
The veterans who have fought for
for an invasion, Iam most positive that|
a
ric
Ame
in
live
may
you
that
so
you
|
mpt
atte
to
dare
ld
wou
try
coun
r
othe
no
ask
e,
liv
to
d
ire
des
rs
the
efa
for
our
as
an invasion.
NU-BLUE
You
If
country.
GEI IHRE HADIL — EAL AL
ee
eee
>
NU-BLUE
Oe
(ae
The veterans’ organizations |
;|program.
for the past twenty years have attempt- |
ed and recommended to our national |
body of legislators that we should have |
of any |
the largest defense program
STATIONS
SERVICE
PARKINSON’S
Das:
MCreuee
SB
GO0R
Tee
|; country
GOCIteG.
BEERS—BOTTLED
Phone
2-1817
90 E. Michigan
AND
DRAFT
Battle Creek
MICHIGAN
Four
Real
Bargains
A Complete
Monday,
Manicure,
Hair Shop
Shampoo,
Open
Reduced
57 Foster
Homer
24 Hours Daily
Candies
and
Phone
Greasing
Tobaccos
Battle Creek
9139
ACCESSORIES
BATTERIES
DISTRIBUTOR
RADIOS
OF
In the recent election ordered by the
labor board to be held at the Steel and
Wire, 800 employes were eligible to
vote.
3825 voted
for UAW-CIO,
195
voted for the Independent, and 25 expressed themselves
as wanting
“NO
UNION.”
The balance of those eligible
eligible to vote took no part in the
election.
For over a year CIO organizers have
been at work among the employes of
the company, and again, as usual, an
Independent Union failed because of
the lack of advice, funds, and cooperation.
At the Steel & Wire, however, the
Independent
is determined
to carry
on, and
perhaps
more
qickly
than
“Red” Walter Reuther and his “comrades” anticipate the local Independent
may regain, THAT, which they feel was
stolen from them.
The CIO leaders are experts in the
and
application of stategy
use and
psychology.
On one occasionat the
Steel & Wire, while the Independent
U. S. TIRES
47 E. Jackson
BUILDERS
FINE
Creek—By the strange applithe Wagner Act by the NLRB,
situation arises whereby
the
rules the majority, r
CIO Strategy
STAR
JULIUS
Phone 2-5594
Prop.
Super Service
Gasoline, Motor Oils, Hi-Pressure
E. Michigan
Wade,
was bargaining for wage adjustments,
the CIO, who were definitely in the
minority, voted a strike order against
This was a strategic
the company.
move on the part of the CIO because
it not only had a serious effect.toward
disrupting the work of the Independent
but also placed the company in a po-
sition under which
the
Independent
OF
HOMES
it dare not
bargaining
grant
com-
mittee any sort of blanket wage inhave
the company
Should
creases.
granted blanket raises, while the strike
in effect, the CIO could
order was
have
placed
an
“UNFAIR
LABOR
PRACTICE”
charge against the company on the grounds that the company
did it to encourage a certain labor
movement.
MODERNIZATION
WORK
MBOAICD
A
FT
JOURNAL
325 Employees Out of 800 Wins
Bargaining Rights---200 No Union
Battle
cation of
again, a
minority
to $2.50
7069
Wade’s
903
Special
Finger Wave—65c
$3.50 Oil Permanent
Phone
Shoppe
Tuesday, Wednesday
LABOR
Employees of Steel and
Wire Votes UAW-CIO
from Battle Creek’s
Military Beauty
STATE
A strike order is most costly to employes and management: the company
dare not increase wages nor can the
CIO Psychology
At a psychological time, so it appears,
the
CIO
leaders
directed
a
group of promoters to advance on Battle Creek and enter into a promotional
scheme with the CIO group at the Steel
This, of course, occurred at
& Wire.
the time when the Independent was
the legal bargaining body for the employes, and just prior to the scheduled
election.
The promoters arranged a “BENEFIT” dance party and agreed to give
the CIO boys a certain percentage of
the gross receipts received from the
sale of tickets.
The promoters checked into room 22 at the Laverne hotel,
installed a phone and the campaign
very
Incidentally,
way.
under
got
young Mr. Simpson, president of the
local CIO, received almost city-wide
publicity due to the fact that almost
every business
man
contacted
was
given the impression that it was the
voice of President Simpson asking for
support.
This promotion had a most favorable effect for the CIO on portions of
the men and women who soon were to
decide, by vote, who was to be the new
bargaining body for all employes.
On
the very eve of the election, one young
fellow, CIO minded, was heard to remark that, “We have $117.00 in the
pot we don’t have to put there ourselves’; their portion, evidently of the
promotion.
are
psychology
and
Yes, strategy
master tools in the hands of those who
are masters in their use.
Today, more than ever, it has become
necessary that the Independents
affiliate themselves, one with the other,
or its only a matter of time before
every
Independent
in America
will
find themselves paying tribute to such
men
as the
Reuthers,
Bridges
and
Hillmans, who go down in Congressional records as “REDS.”
The affiliation of the Independents
Will produce strength, advice, finances,
prestige and, above all, the American
right to work in the pursuit of happiness.
Within
the
ranks
of the
Independent
Reliable—
Kalamazoo
Laundry
Co.
Phone 4161
—K alamazcoo
Fine Meats, Groceries,
A. & M. FOOD
(Formerly
Stan’s
East
Vegetables
MARKET
End
Food Market)
Free Delivery—Phone
5633
567 E. Michigan
Battle Creek
BLOCKS
If you want to see the latest thing in automatic
machinery—if you want to examine Building
Blocks that offer unmatched strength, beauty
and water-proofness—visit our plant and see
the
new
Sterns
Jolcrete
Machine
and _ its
products.
F. HANNAH
Phone
& SON
4724
450 Cliff St.
Property
Battle
Seasoned,
Tasty
Foods
Creek
ip
CONTRACTORS
Let Us Build Your
NEW
HOME
from
a. =
ae.
en
employes
its
and
ee
eee
can
be
completely
disrupted
OUR BEST
AND
ALWAYS READY TO SERVE
DAWSON HARDWARE
FUEL
COMPANY
(In Urbandale)
Phone
1418 W.
2-2721
Battle
SHORT
ORDERS,
Creek
QUICKLY
AND
WINES
SERVED
Porter
St.
Creek
Money—More
Heat—Less
Ash)
6:25
Per Ton, Delivered.
SKIDMORE
Phone
Tax Included
COAL
2-5541
CLEANERS and DYERS
‘“‘The Man
Who
Knows
FREE
PHONES:
West
LABOR,
FOR
LABOR.
action.
labor unions
lawed
board.
virtually have been out-
through
action
of
the
wresent
Senator Robert F. Wagner, author
of the act, has indirectly criticised the
present N. L. R.B. on which has centered a growing storm :ofobjections for
This criticism has
nearly four years.
been directed more at the methods of
administration than at the act itself.
The Detroit Free Press says, editorially, “The Wagner Act is unfair to
employers, for it gives them no protection against unfair practices by organized employees, and it is unfair to
many employees, for it exposes those
who do not want to join up and pay
dues, to coercion by labor organizers.
“The one-sidedness of this law is
its great fundamental defect.”
:
Representative Fred A. Hartley, ur...
New- Jersey Republican, charges that
the Board has aggravated strikes which
Michigan
How
to Clean
Clothes”’
DELIVERY
6104 —
HI-LO
Two
Great Shows
Nightly
LA SALLE
6105
Battle Creek
45 Capital Ave., S.W.
CAFE
30 East Michigan Ave.
Families Delght in Our Service and
Beverages
Foods
Not Served
DON’T NEGLECT YOUR EYES
Modern Optical Studios
24 W.
A
recent
“America
Speaks’
poll
showed that the New Deal labor policy
ranks sixth as a benefit and fifth as a
defect of the administration. It seems
to have turned labor sour on the New
Deal in labor relations.
Michigan
Ave.
Needs
Every Day Business
McCoy Printing Co.
Patronize
Complete
Our
Advertisers
Phone
35-37 W.
CLUB
Nationally
Printing Service
Battle
State St.
FORGET
DON’T
DRINK
DE
Creek
Creek
WHEN YOUR THIRSTY
Phone
LUXE
Distributed
LEMON
CREAM SODA
STRAWBERRY
by
CO.
BEVERAGE
Battle
8080
Distributing
OF
A BOTTLE
A
a“
HOTEL
Deliver
We
7732
ORANGE
ROOT BEER
GRAPE
Famous
Orchestra
Battle
&£FiICes
LEGION
have caused great losses to employers;
board hearings have been biased, partisan, prejudiced and unfair; decisions
have been based on incompetent, irrelevant and hearsay evidence; in many
instances decisions have been deliberate delays; there has been definite
bias in favor of the C. I. O. against all
other labor unions; in some instances
the board has acted as an organizing
agent for the C. I. O., and the board
has discriminated against craft unions.
The statement in the Detroit Times,
“The Pendulum has swung too far,”
expresses the opinion of most people
who object to the act.
52 Capital Ave., S.W.
RELIABLE
681
demandsome
Senator Allen J. Ellender, Leuisiana
that independent
charges
Democrat,
INDIAN CHIEF
FORKED LEGG
(Saves You
think some-
thing ought to be done about it.
There are many reasons why various
groups
25
ing LABOR FOR LABOR, and not for
are the type of
Those
communism.
men who will step to the front, supported by public sentiment, and give
American labor, LABOR UNIONS, BY
t
c
A
s
n
o
i
t
a
l
e
R
r
o
b
a
L
l
a
n
o
i
Nat
Its Merits and Its Demerits
stitute of Public Opinion)
|
Easy Parking
Battle
simply by a certain labor
group consisting of a mere hand-full
of men voting for a strike.
Wagner
the
wants
everyone
Not
Labor Act repealed, but most people
(66% according to the American In-
SEELEY’S TAVERN
BEERS
Michigan
£2UpPUIaAI
a ee
the
bargaining,
The
the future of a company
pay-checks.
harmony, and
Ideas
Own
Your
tae aaueeiets, eth od fe
in Calhoun,
Barry,
Kalamazoo
and
Creek,
Allegan
Mich.
Counties
This will acknowledge the rec eipt
of your letter
dated February 24th, with outline
of a proposed
torpedo boat that could be manufac
tured from plasticized material enclosed.
I shall probably be in Washington wit
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
ten days or
with
two weeks » and will discuss
the proper defense offic ials.
Very
Wpr aw
uopwa
cio
Walter
truly yours,
P.
Reuther
this matter
SYNTHETIC
/ 4400
GAPITAL:
CALIF.
MORTGAGE
ONNE
PHHO
TUCKER
CALIF
BLDG.
7329
1-3342
Heiculode Aircraft Company_
PRODUCTS
PHONE
|
PHENOCAST
PHENOCOAT
CALIFORNIA
FRANCISCO,
SAN
Ave.
4/th
DUG
SEXSUTIER-SFRBET
PLASTIC
LANE
Los ANGELES,
DRIVE
Maycrest
VASADENA,
PHONE
CO.
RESINS
403
;
GARFIELD
3011
24th,194l.
February
PHENOGLU
Mr, Walter P.
International
Motors
weneral
‘
|
Dept.
Michigan,
Detroit,
Dear
Reuther,
Director,
sir:
of
Yours
the
hand
to
6th
and
note
I
contents,
o
d
e
p
r
o
t
d
e
s
o
p
o
r
p
a
f
o
e
n
i
l
t
u
o
h
g
u
o
r
a
am enclosing
m
o
r
f
d
e
r
u
t
c
a
f
u
n
a
m
be
d
l
u
o
c
t
a
h
t
a
t
a
d
boat with
,
e
l
b
a
l
i
a
v
a
e
v
a
h
u
o
y
e
c
a
p
s
e
h
t
g
n
i
s
u
l
a
plasticized materi
e
l
i
b
o
m
o
t
u
a
e
h
t
in
g
n
i
k
r
o
w
n
e
e
b
e
v
a
h
t
a
h
and the men t
:
industry.
e
h
t
n
o
n
o
i
t
a
m
r
o
f
n
i
d
e
l
i
a
t
e
d
e
r
o
m
h
s
i
w
If you
t
s
u
m
s
e
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
a
r
u
o
t
a
h
t
l
e
e
f
t
y
b
have that
pout, we
be taken
care
of
accordingly.
In relation to
plasticised I wish
of uirplanes
the molds can
mass production
to suggest that
from
,
e
r
u
t
x
i
m
s
a
m
u
p
d
n
a
e
t
e
r
c
n
o
c
a
f
o
d
e
t
c
u
r
be const
n
i
a
r
t
s
y
r
a
s
s
e
c
e
n
e
h
t
d
n
a
t
s
l
l
i
w
y
e
h
t
reinforced so that
d
l
o
m
e
h
t
n
i
h
t
o
b
,
e
g
a
k
n
i
r
h
s
r
o
f
e
c
n
a
w
with all due allo
e
b
n
a
c
s
d
l
o
m
e
s
e
h
t
.
s
e
n
a
l
p
e
h
t
n
i
s
l
a
i
and the mater
n
i
e
s
u
r
o
f
y
d
a
e
r
t
e
s
d
n
a
n
u
r
e
t
e
r
c
n
o
c
formed and the
e
g
a
l
i
s
u
f
r
o
g
n
i
w
e
t
e
l
p
m
o
c
4
d
n
a
s
k
e
e
w
o
approximately tw
n
o
c
e
b
n
a
c
s
n
e
v
o
g
n
i
r
u
C
,
s
e
c
e
i
p
o
w
ean be molded in t
u
o
y
t
a
h
t
e
c
a
p
s
e
h
t
n
i
h
t
i
w
y
l
t
n
e
i
c
i
f
f
e
d
n
a
k
c
i
u
q
d
e
t
c
u
r
t
s
d
e
i
i
u
q
e
r
s
l
o
o
t
e
h
t
l
l
a
g
n
i
y
f
i
l
p
m
i
s
s
u
h
t
have available,
.
s
t
a
o
b
r
o
s
e
n
a
l
p
r
i
a
d
e
z
i
c
i
t
s
a
l
p
f
o
n
o
i
in the construct
e
z
i
c
i
t
s
a
l
p
l
l
i
w
t
u
h
t
e
l
b
a
l
i
a
v
a
e
r
Materiuls a
airplanes or
e
l
b
a
n
e
o
t
y
l
i
d
a
e
r
poats as you care
y
n
u
m
s
a
e
c
u
d
o
r
p
you to
.
r
o
f
s
d
l
o
m
e
d
i
v
o
r
p
to
0
4
y
e
t
a
m
i
x
o
r
p
p
a
It would take
d
n
a
e
n
a
l
p
r
i
a
n
a
r
o
f
e
g
a
l
i
s
u
f
r
o
wings
e
r
u
s
s
e
r
p
w
o
L
,
n
e
v
o
e
h
t
n
i
t
i
e
r
u
e
+o
.
s
s
e
c
o
r
p
s
i
h
t
h
t
i
w
d
e
r
requi
h
t
i
w
e
v
a
h
u
o
y
t
a
h
I feel t
o
t
d
e
n
i
a
r
t
n
e
e
b
avyailuble who have
key
to
preparedness
the
planof
e
h
t
d
l
o
m
o
t
s
e
minut
e
m
i
t
e
m
a
s
e
h
t
t
u
abo
and low heat is
your
mass
United
space and men
the
production,
and
states
the
with
g
n
i
n
i
a
r
t
0
u
5
e
h
t
h
c
a
e
r
o
t
e
l
b
a
e
b
d
l
u
o
h
s
s
s
e
c
o
r
p
c
i
plast
.
s
e
n
i
g
n
e
e
h
t
t
n
u
o
m
o
t
y
d
a
e
r
,
y
a
d
r
e
p
or pursuit plenes
to
go
on
It
the
further,
to this eftect,
enclosed
I woulda
is
be
of
interest
very
pleased
to
you
to
and
hear
from
Feitntully, Jussi gpa
.
you
wish
you
waaeiver
» dake
me
:
e
a
aCement
patented
: sto
ok
fam
:
\
Sam shu See
ee
ss
j
J
aps”
}
Vt
tile lehl
suitably
a factory with buildings
acquiring
of
purpose
for
the manufacture
all
with
equipped
and efficiently
machénery
nization be formed fer the
an orgs
that
It is proposed
CORSTRUCTION
BOAT
SMALL
HEICULODE
acreage,
and
the necessary
and construction
the
of
:
-HEICULODE BOAT made from materials febricated with plastic
the prevailing
commercial
types,
shapes,
and molded into
and designs
to conform with
or small
be it military, pleasure,
demand,
types.
ae
BOAT is a plastic,stampled boat and
f 3
of
the stiffened skin design.
all made of
‘bracing are
this
use
without
naterial
) stance than any
have a greater resi
of the materials
of boats.
at present for the construction
Considering
following
one
The following
- | by our
specific
specifiestions
navel
Approx,
length
3
n
military
are
to meet
45 ft.
S ft.
3% ft.
would
submit the
purposes:
subject
the
dept. at step 8 ft.
® displacement
we
design,
our product.
purchasing
Government
for
dimensions
architects
—
sacrificing
Plastic#=ae impregnated mater=
strength for loss of weight.
dels
The hull, decking and internal—
to minor
of
requirenents
|
change
the
in
af
two depth charges
This boat would carry one torpedo,
two
and
radius
a cruising
have
cannon,
or one
gums
mechine
of 300 miles,
herein
of
which
disclosed
ping
section,
process,
and
thus
autamobile
oped
and
processes
highly
skilled
very
for
boat
light
strong » rust
uses
have
of the
will
upkeep
the
is
to
It
proof
anc
Plastic
the
elements
use
at
the
cost
of
the
most
the
no
is
is ideal
impregnated
intended.
in
a decided
———,
we propose here has
that
saving under
than
any
present
time,
equal,
th.
construction
id
diminished,
organization
consultation
which
appreciated
greatly
itself
to
this
be used in
would
of
corrosive
metals
devel-
to production,
netal
resistance
alloyed
purposes
readily
This
and
or
materials
for
be
a greater
and
of
use
of boat
type
that
metal
Lends
herein
purposes
and
the
by
methods
tremendotis
with respect
produced
readily
the
In
this
give
The
which
materials
and
types
Fk variety,
the
used
engineering
bost,a
will
especially
and
servicing
and is now highly
studied
small
the
all other
an
is
the
method
speedy
the
under”
to stamp, boat
bring
exclusively used.
future upkeep.
| strength and
this
upon
and
staff and whose
development
over
advantage
be
construction
The plastic stamping of these boat
intensively
will
method
assembly
into
boats
engineering
by our
exclusive
so it is here proposed
manufacturers.
sections has been
the
manufactured
are
automobiles
facilitate
these
of
repair
in
class,
this
of
all modern
es
Just
be embodied
will
not
construction
of
improvements
building
boat
future
and
certain
are
There
will
of highly
bring
skilled
in
valuable
marine architects,
service
chemists,
x
'
mechanical
and
are
All
in
their
experience
successful
and
engineers.
personally
to get
away from the prevailing
place,
and
also
to be
themselves
ship
builders;
to
this
new
line
of
labor
in
will
who
venture.
the
that
area,
first
consider
not
to adapt
open
be
therefore,
this
ship building
trouble
men
to hire
of
it is suggested
present
the plant be located outside the
able
success
engineers
of our
advice
the
Under
the
operation
of
spheres
respective
interested
in
much
had
have
men
these
themselves
endeavor.
MATED COST OF PLANT: FOR TESTING PURPOSES
The amount
installation
ings,
the
point
of production
require
is.
approxinetely
That
the necessary
cost
of material
equipped.
COST
to
complete
capital
te
cover
and production
It is estimated
produce
months
three
that
buildto
will
and
equip.
and
estimated
the
the
—
is $35,000.00,
in
to
should be able
the plant
plasticiagw® boats
three
machinery
$40, 000.00
approximately
working
the
of
equipment
and
renting
of
the cost
cover
to
required
two
when
days,
fully
PER BOATS:
The
per
cost
also
brought to a
duction
would
is
engine
include
about
#14,000.00,
at $20,000.00.
and would sell
It is
boat to
estimated
point of
be from
full
ten
that
when the
efficiency
to
twelve
plant
that the
boats
per
has
been
actual
week. |
A Capt
—
pro-
D
N
A
S
L
A
S
O
P
O
R
P
N
O
I
N
U
TRADE
S
N
O
I
T
A
L
E
R
C
I
L
B
U
P
S
’
LABOR
By JOEL SEIDMAN
s
al
os
op
pr
the
are
s
on
ti
la
re
ic
bl
pu
s
or’
Significant from the standpoint of lab
al
on
ti
na
aid
d
an
on
ti
uc
od
pr
al
ri
st
du
in
se
ea
cr
in
advanced by trade unions to
ir
the
of
s
er
ad
le
r
bo
la
me
so
by
n
io
it
gn
co
re
a
defense. These efforts indicate
larger responsibilities. Mr. Seidman
for Industrial Democracy.
THE DEFENSE emergency, with its
need for mass production of armament and supplies of all kinds for
the United States and Great Britain,
has focused public attention on every
source of interference. Inevitably
strikes have received major attention
in the daily press and on the floor
of Congress, and trade unions have
been the recipients of an enormous
volume of adverse criticism, in the
course of which every shortcoming
and abuse of the labor movement has
received its share of condemnation.
In the general excitement much of
the public has failed to note that
from the energetic unions in the
automobile, steel, and ladies’ garment
industries have come proposals to
increase production and advance
their industries’ welfare that have
won the respectful attention and
sometimes the praise of conservative
papers, government officials, and employers. Though the instances are
still isolated, they demonstrate that
some American labor leaders are
seeking constructive solutions of the
problems of their industries, and indicate a recognition on their part
that they have responsibilities as well
as rights.
Never was it more important, in
fact, for the labor movement to have
is an economist working
with the League
public opinion friendly. The abler
e
th
in
at
th
e
iz
gn
co
re
s
er
ad
le
r
bo
la
New Deal the trade unions gained
legal rights that were not due pril
ca
ti
li
po
or
ic
om
on
ec
r
ei
th
to
ly
mari
power, but to the presence in high
office of some who entertained liberal
.
.A
LR
N.
e
th
of
d
ai
e
th
th
Wi
s.
view
and more recently of the National
Labor Relations Act, the unions have
built up first their economic and then
their political influence. It is recognition of sober fact, however, to say
that labor is still dependent on the
good will of non-union elements for
the protection of its legal position.
s
al
os
op
pr
n
io
un
nt
ce
re
e
th
of
me
So
to increase production may have been
made with a view to improving public relations; with others this is probably more a by-product than the primary objective.
Efforts
Strikes
to Curb
The A. F. of L. was not slow in
responding to the pressure put upon
it to terminate strikes and eliminate
abuses, and it did not always wait
for pressure before it advanced constructive proposals. William Green
on several occasions has denounced
the calling of strikes in defense industries, urging instead that issues
on
I
284
PUBLIC
OPINION
QUARTERLY,
be submitted to mediation and arbi-
tration.
Early in January the metal trades
unions proposed a policy of no strikes
on defense projects, provided employers agreed to arbitrate all disputes. Under the plan of the metal
trades unions, management
and
labor should first deal directly to
settle issues
between
them;
should
agreement not be reached, the services of the conciliation division of
the Department of Labor should be
speedily obtained, with arbitration
resorted to if conciliation proved
unsuccessful; agreements should out-
law both strikes and lockouts, with
provision for the arbitration of all
differences.
The building trades, likewise, early
advanced proposals to eliminate in-
terference with defense construction,
making a total with the metal trades
of twenty-five
more
than
unions,
2,500,000
representing
workers,
that
had taken such action. The Brotherhood of Painters, Decorators and
Paperhangers, with 125,000 mem-
bers, was the first to sign a national
agreement prohibiting strikes and
lockouts on defense work.
The building trades unions have
voted to ban jurisdictional strikes
among themselves on defense projects; they have also sharply limited
the initiation fees that their locals
may charge, and decided to permit
the
employment
of
non-union
workers without permit or privilege
fees where insufficient union members are available. The unions assert,
moreover, that non-unionists are thus
enjoying without cost the benefits of
standards that union members have
slowly and painfully built.
Plan
JUNE
for Warplane
10941
Speed-up
Most noteworthy, in view of past
public relations, is the remarkable
shift in the automobile industry.
Four short years ago, when the great
sit-down strikes were in progress, the
union of automobile workers was
widely and roundly denounced by
most agencies outside the ranks of
the labor movement as a threat to
law, order, and property rights; the
automobile
manufacturing
companies, in the same period, were
widely pictured as the victims of
property seizures and violence.
Today, when American plane production may prove a major factor
in the fate of Britain and perhaps of
this country as well, the automobile
workers’ union appears in a different
light. It is Walter Reuther, head of
the General Motors Division of the
C.I.O.’s United Automobile Workers, who has advanced the challenging plan to use the facilities and the
mass production methods of the automobile industry to produce an estimated 500 planes daily.
Whether this plan is practicable
is a matter for engineers familiar
with the industry to determine; important from the present point of
view is the fact that automobile labor
presented a plan, not to aid itself,
but to advance the national interest,
at a time when a Ford Motor Com-
pany bid for an Army contract was
rejected because it refused compliance with federal and state labor
laws. The fact that the United Auto-
mobile Workers has also received un-
favorable publicity in connection
with strikes, actual or threatened, in
defense industry does not alter the
me
i
TRADE
UNION
fact that a significant improvement
in public relations has occurred.
In a broadcast over a national network on December 28, 1940, Reuther
advanced his plan in words that undoubtedly helped to build up a favorable public opinion toward his union.
“Why should labor concern itself,
some may ask us [he said], with
speeding plane production? Labor is
concerned because it believes a
strengthened defense essential to our
country’s safety in this era of Axis
ageression....
“Labor asks only in return that its
hard-won rights be preserved. Labor
asks only that manufacturers like
Ford be forced to obey the Wagner
Act as his competitors of General
Motors and the smaller companies
have been obeying it. Labor asks
only that it be allowed to contribute
its own creative experience and
knowledge and that it be given a
voice in the execution of its program.”
Garment
Workers’
Program
Even more remarkable, both for its
industrial significance and its appeal
to the public, was the program submitted by the New York Dress Joint
Board of the International Ladies’
Garment Workers’ Union upon the
expiration of its agreements in December 1940. On behalf of the 85,000
workers in this $350,000,000 indus-
try, Julius Hochman, manager of the
Joint Board, asked neither wage nor
hour concessions, Instead, following
an exhaustive analysis of the ills of
the industry, he presented a program
for efficiency and promotion. The
union proposed that a $1,500,000
fund be raised to promote New York
285
PROPOSALS
as a style center, and as a start toward this sum the I.L.G.W.U.
pledged a contribution of $100,000,
on condition that the union label appear on each dress and be included
in the advertising and promotion
campaign.
“A New Concept of Unionism”
was the heading of the editorial in
the New York Herald Tribune, com-
menting favorably upon the proposal.
“It is to be hoped the plan will
succeed,”
said the Herald
Tribune,
“but in any event the concept of
unionism which inspired it is worthy
of widespread imitation.” The New
York Times observed: “When em_ployers and unions agree on a plan
for the benefit of their industry, and
of the community which it serves,
before proceeding to discuss a new
contract for hours, wages and working conditions, the public may well
pay respectful attention.” Along similar lines was the comment in other
conservative papers.
The employers soon agreed to the
promotion campaign, pledging con-
tributions of $1,000,000, with the remainder to be raised from retailers,
textile and accessory firms, and real
estate and banking interests. The
union
offer of $100,000
was
tenta-
tively rejected, however, the manufacturers being unwilling to sew the
union label on each garment. For
some weeks negotiations were dead-
locked on the efficiency clause, with
the union asking the right to treat
inefficiency in management as a Violation
of contract,
for which
com-
plaint could be made to the impartial chairman.
As a result the sympathy of conservative newspapers was with the
~~
J
286
PUBLIC OPINION QUARTERLY, JUNE 1941
dress union, with the pressure of
public opinion helping to force employers to agree to efficiency standards. The New York Times, for
example, commented editorially on
February 4:
“One would think that there could
be no dispute over the Joint Board’s
plan, fathered by General Manager
Julius
Hochman,
to
increase
the
piece-work earnings, and presumably
profits as well, by requiring that ‘the
shop be operated by the employer at
all times in an efficient and wellordered manner.’ The hitch probably
is that small employers, operating in
a traditionally chaotic industry with
little ready capital, fear that they
may have to make too large an initial investment.
“Yet if the ‘efficiency’ procedure is
sound the credit to operate it should
be forthcoming. Neither consumer
nor employer can have any real quarrel with a union’s statesmanlike plan
to raise its members’ incomes by
increasing their productivity. Let us
hope that the plan to make New
York City ‘the style capital of the
world’ will not be jeopardized by an
unnecessary quarrel.”
The agreement that was finally
reached in the dress trade empowers
the impartial chairman to promulgate rules to guarantee efficient management, if the employers and the
union cannot agree on them. An
employer who persists in inefficient
methods and who fails to adopt suggestions to remedy the situation can
be assessed damages by the impartial
chairman, the money to be used to
maintain a department in his office
to advise manufacturers on efficiency.
Needless to say, this is not pure
disinterestedness on the part of the
union. The New York dress industry
has long been faced with severe competition from other parts of the country, and some employers have moved
from the metropolis in an effort to
reduce their labor costs. To seek
higher piece rates would be to encourage more to move; instead the
union is seeking to bring more work
to the market, thus providing its
members with steadier work and
higher annual incomes.
Advocating
Cooperation
The Steel Workers Organizing
Committee has been thinking along
somewhat similar lines. It proposes
cooperative effort between the union
and management to eliminate inefhciency and increase production. In
each case in which management has
granted the S.W.O.C. the opportunity to participate to a greater ex-
tent in the productive process, the
union asserts, the venture has been
a success.
“Labor wants this opportunity to
participate more in the job of pro-
duction,” declares a recent handbook
issued by the S.W.O.C. under the
title, Organized Labor and Management: How to Make Effective National Unity in Defense. “Any delay
in management’s becoming realistic
will be at the peril of our essential
National Defense efforts.” When
unions opposed scientific management in earlier years, the steel workers assert, it was because they felt
that the sole purpose was to increase
private profit at the expense of public welfare; now that organized labor
is recognized and given greater parmn,
f
TRADE
UNION
ticipation in production, it “is being
given reason to visualize the efficient
operation of industry as having to
do with its own well being and that
of society in general.”
Significant also is the fact that,
rai
ch
the
o,
ag
ar
ye
a
an
th
re
mo
tle
lit
man of the S.W.O.C., Philip Murray,
could team with Morris L. Cooke, a
leading industrial engineer, to write
a book advocating cooperation between unions and management to in-
crease the volume of production, and
so raise living standards.
More recently Murray has _proposed that an industry council, repreand _ labor
senting management
equally, and with a government
representative as chairman, be created to ensure the efficient coordination and use of present steel-producing facilities, and to expand these
facilities where necessary. Such a
committee, Murray asserts, could put
present idle capacity into production
and coordinate armament and nonmilitary demands upon the industry,
so as to achieve maximum output.
This proposal would of course confer upon the Steel Workers Organizing Committee far greater power
than it has ever possessed, and for
this reason alone it has received scant
attention from management. In its
287
PROPOSALS
other features, however,
and in its
analysis of the industry from the
point of view of maximum production for defense purposes, the plan
represents a significant effort on the
part of organized labor to discharge
its larger responsibilities.
Many union practices that have
produced highly unfavorable public
reactions still persist, needless to say.
Strikes in defense industries, closed
books and high initiation fees, jurisdictional strikes, opposition to more
efficient methods, and combinations
with business men to raise prices are
some of the practices still engaged in
by a number of unions, to the irritation of sections of the public. Men
of questionable character still hold
office in certain A.F. of L. unions,
and Communist Party members or
fellow-travelers still wield considerable influence in some C.I.O. affiliates,
Nevertheless it is significant, from
the point of view of the public relations of the labor
movement,
that
defense,
and
some trade unions should now be
advancing proposals designed to increase the volume of industrial pro-
duction,
aid
national
benefit employers and the public as
well as the union membership.
RURAL
AMERICA
By M. L. WILSON
DISCUSSES
|
The discussion of democracy, as a leading
ment of Agriculture, is bringing about a
confronting American farmers today. The
discussion program are described by Mr. M.
Work, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
THERE HAS always been a good deal
in common
between\rural America,
freedom of speech, ahd the democratic way of life. American democracy as we like to think of it was in
éradle of
fact reared in the rustic
the plain outspoken word.
Whenever a question of importance came up, our colonial anceStors
talked about it. They discussed
issue until everybody had had h
say. Then they patched up their differences and joined in carrying out
the wishes of the majority. That was
the beginning of American democracy.
Farmers still congregate in groups
small enough for everyone to have
his say. They discuss issues in groups
around the cracker barrel in the
country store; after church; on Sunday afternoon visits to neighbors
friends; at picnics; and at their w¢@rk.
And besides the many little igsSues,
farm people now talk about th¢ issue
of the day.
Defining the Issue
On January 28 of this year there
met in Washington—at fhe call of
Secretary of Agricultyre Claude
Wickard—a group of distinguished
scholars who made /an effort to
clarify the issue. They drew up a
“discussion outline.” Several drafts
were made in a typically democratic
DEMOCRACY
extension project of the Departbetter understanding of problems
objectives and procedures of the
L. Wilson, Director of Extension
way. Practically no two members
would have worded the outline in the
same terms had ,shey been called
upon to write it ipdividually. But all
agreed to the
draft as written in
principle. They compromised by letting it be reJeased as something to
shoot at by people interested in true
democratic/ discussion of the things
regarding/ which everyone will have
to reach/a decision sooner or later.
Und¢r the subhead “Moral Issues
in the/Present Conflict”! the scholars
ir collective judgment defined
ssue as follows:
oday democracy is threatened by a
ind of revolution. For thousands of
trong and successful revolutions have
purpose the enlargement of the
very individual. The totalitarian
revolution\ is toward submergence of the
individual. \We now have to ask what a
totalitarian victory may mean to us as individuals. The, totalitarian powers expressly reject the cakdinal principles which are
inherent in democracy, and which are inseparable from the historic creed) of the
United States. They\deny what we affirm.
They affirm what we ‘deny.
1.
Democracy affirms
the right of every
individual to exercise
political power
through the ballot and
public opinion
freely formed. Totalitarianism, on the
other hand, proclaims that power is inherent in a leader, clothed
With absolute
authority.
1 Democracy in the Present Crisis. U.S.
Dept. Agr. Ext. Serv. Cir. 351, March 1941,
5 Pp.
— TERRIBLY IMPORTANT MEET-
MEM&
ING on
High
your pregence at Monroe
Wee
151, at 8:80 P. M....
DANCE
the Monroe
in
1940, plus a\ Faculty
Game... |
Mr. Merovic
need your adVice
a
luminaries
sister:
—
p ass
{
ing . |
gram
ing
pangs
and
PRC |
O’Keefe
worked
Over
China
these
—
and
such
have
reigey, 3
geet
and underpaid — transport
ships
ons
must
_. . Thousands
down,
up..-Help
16
mete
to
go
Dil
of phonies
ripping
putting
Americans
them | |
us even the score. WriteBuddy
is
producer
a
minister™
Bu
3rd Fridays in L
achers
|} }
} in
the
aceeremnneamene aman
playing with the FootPaul Caragliano is an
olfywood . .. Charles
maha...
DAMON
.
RUNYON
As a fine American, we implore
you to bring the REUTHER
(500
the
Future
iriter’s
sane
B.
B.
re
ua
Sq
s
me
Ti
7,
x
Bo
O.
P.
Burnside
ME
ADD
drop a line tec
We need you
j
es
wire
P. S.
to
opr
‘Il
|
...
E
E
T
T
I
M
M
O
tHe AMERICA CURSED C
réecelv-
TL
Monro
News”... “Hutch” j
ball N. Y. Yankee
assistant
fire
we can put
’
ke
li
ok
lo
to
ns
gi
be
it
p
ou
gr
S
Y’
ND
LI
ing to
lanes
ft
onjthe
how
—
S
E
T
A
N
O
I
N
I
P
O
E
D
I
S
N
R
U
BUDDY B
k
oc
k
Hoc
fl
cs
cs
ti
ti
na
na
lu
lu
d
d
an
s
m
u
l
d
o
o
h
With all the
workers
ti
us
Teyl
;
Basketball
Alumni
versug
are
Phans
it over...
GALA
A
Gy
...
School, Room
not discussing
planes
open.
Buppy
a day)
BURNSIDE
for Democratic
PLAN‘ into
COMMITTEE
Action
a
THE DETROIT
NEWS, “MONDAY,
DECEMBER
1! 1941
U.S. Plane Production
cee in 12 Months
~
©
©
©
”
Oo
3
oe
es
Le
YD
2:
rt)
I 750} “hi
j 500
eS
ce
SI
a.
ae
<
Dalivactal
iS Alay
Be
Ww
ne
and
oa British
eG
Navy
al
pt
-
1,000
Pag
750
okae
din
c
=.
ma
500
c50|
°DJEMAMS SAS ONDJFMAMJ JAS OND
(940
194
’
(See
“Planes,
have
begun
Page
of Pictures
on
flow
guns
from
and
our
fac-|¢rs
deliveries,
a torrent, engulfing this totalitarian|
to
Sept.
18,
pursuit
dominate|
to the
1941.
North
planes,
production,
attack
Atlantic
even
bombers
and
dive bombers will wing their way to
Green-
Newfoundland,
via
Roosevelt, Europe,
world.”—President
the
like
are going to be vastly, accelerated
next year, and as good weather
flow becomes a river, and the river/comes
seeks
by steamer,
going
But
|
accelerate from day to day until the
which
Page)
ships,;own power, fighters and light bomb-
tories and yards, and the flow will;
tyranny
Back
By ROBERT S§S. BALL
Aviation Editor, The Detroit News
tanks,
to
Full
land and Iceland.
As the United States Army Air|
AS the Army plugs its famed slo-
Force today launched the most am-|84n, “Keep “Em Flying” today and
bitious recruiting program in its|in the days to come, the American
history, spokesmen for the aircraft|4ircraft industry—well on the way
manufacturing
that
industry
production
of
disclosed|toward becoming the second largest
warplanes
has|iMdustry
trebled in the last 12 months, ana|Kicking
still
is
climbing.
Keep
With
reference
to
the
abovequoted
observation
of
President
Roosevelt, T. P. Wright, assistant
chief
of
notes
the
that
aircraft
branch,
the “trickle” of
OPM,
be
planes
scheduled for 1943.
well pen
Flying”
be
for
crews
the
to handle.
|
ee
sar
4
;
Brit
oS ae
QO
pan
: G
Salt
and
a 2,500- amionth es
‘pace. <2
eG As now apparent. that my prediction’ of
last. spring that 1941|
would see 18,000 airplanes roll from
‘oC
nation—will
the planes
Co
Col. John H, Jouett, president Of |
fuera
:
the Aeronautical Chamber of ComoF
merce, revealed that even today the
ee
airplane
production of
Germany
and
the other
Axis
nations
has
/been exceeded by half by the output
|}of American factories plus British
production,
| ‘Military aircraft production stood
at the rate of about 500 a month in
May of 1940, when President Roosevelt first called for a goal of 50,-| #
000 planes a year and the industry’s
expansion program started..
By November of last year it had
reached barely 750 planes a month,
Today it stands at a rate in excess’ of 2,200 a month and by Dec.|
31 may
the
§
dispatched to England in 1940 be-| 3
‘came a river during 1941, and that}:
‘the torrent stage is just now starting, with engulfment of “totalitarian
|tyranny”
out
’Em
eae
in
American plants is being fulfilled,”
Col. Jouett said. “This striking ac-| §
lishm
i
|
4
Ae
:
D:
quan
Pe acia | in. Aang: the
task ~described as ‘the biggest. job
any ‘industry ever tackled’.”
‘Wright goes Jouett one better by]
forecasting total 1941 combat plane
production at 19 500 units, and pro-|
jecting his. estimates onward with
28,000 planes for 1942, an increase|
to 39,000 in 1943 and a peak of
49,000 during the year 1944, |
What. makes
this
objective
even
more
staggering
is the increased
emphasis on heavy bombers and the
decreasing
proportion
of. training
planes in. computing the totals.
;
“Although in the next year we
may almost double the number of
aircraft
produced
each month,
it
should be noted that in terms of
weight
of airpianes produced
(or
in terms of total horsepower of the
engines
with which
they
are
equipped), there will be a three- to
four-fold
expansion
Wright pointed out.
RESULTS
OF
required,”
SURVEY
To accomplish all this, the industry launched | one of the most
staggering
expansion
programs
in
all history.
On
Nov.
22,
ber announced
1940,
the
Aero
the results
Cham-
of a sur-
vey which indicated that. by 1942
the
leading
airplane,
propeller manufacturers
engine
would
and
have
a total working space of 33,370,822
square feet.
Less than a year later, on Sept. 1
1941, another Survey disclosed that
airplane, engine and propeller manufacturers had completed 44,171,183
Square feet of working space—and
| were rushing work on an additional
10,000,000 feet.
Employment. has kept pace with
Plant expansion.
With little more
than 80,000 employes in May, 1940,
the
aeronautical
industry
has
boosted payrolls to more than 250,000 and is aiming for a peak of
more than half a million workers.
Unfilled orders on the books of
industry
components
now
exceed)
$8,000,000,000
despite record
deliveries of the last few months. Dur-|
ing
the
first half
of this
year,
aircraft
deliveries amounted to
$617,345,086 as compared with $554,-
400,000 for the entire
1940.
HALF
GOES
battlefront
wh
Ban
silver!
in.
to
#F
£
Ops’
two
¢
4
|
sm.
TOMORROW!
Finest
half
of
shipped
—
|
10%
of
ABROAD
Approximately
output
is being
world’s
12 months
Plus
39c
current
to
the
Britain,
Russia,
China, Australia
— -with
heavy and medium bombers making
the transatlantic journey under their
we've
this:
price!
and
cotton
$1:25.
and
C
$1.
da
«
LABOR POLICY
|
AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
By
Z. CLARK DICKINSON
BULLETIN
No.
12
BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
1941
OBES
pelle Prickett
=
ty Helle
BOS.
ae
cae aSaia
re Seg
pitta
eae
>os
et
ti.
ttle
Guanmas OTLBA ns Ta Tape pee
Ee ueig
Pye
a
i
ee
Be
ea
e
Rh
acral acon ah
a
LABOR
AND
Z. CLARK
POLICY
NATIONAL
1941
DEFENSE
By
DICKINSON
BuLuetin No. 12
BUREAU OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
cece
ies oe
* Sag
aie
et
i
erie
ies
Vi.
mn
elt Bim
——
COPYRIGHT,
1941
BY THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
MICHIGAN
FOREWORD
In
the
believed,
present
will
emergency
welcome
employers
statements
by
and
employees,
competent
and
Seis
impartial
obser-
wes
vers
on
policies
Civilian
about
intended
needs,
the
to
maximize
particularly
necessary
if
industrial
the
production
policies
are
for
defense
designed
and
to
bring
mobilization
with
these
matters
is
by
University
of
Michigan.
It
Collective
Wage
a minimum
of
economic
disturbance.
The
accompanying
Dickinson,
is
the
Professor
substance
Determination,
the
near
The
deems
and
pany
it
of
a
which
on
Economics
chapter
is
to
in
at
his
timely
the
forthcoming
work,
be
published
by
the
Ronald
Industrial
Relations
at
the
University
Z.
Press
Clark
Company
in
future.
Bureau
of
a privilege
expresses
for
of
essay
their
its
to
make
appreciation
courtesy
in
this
to
essay
the
consenting
generally
available
author
and
to:
publication
ite
of
to
the
Michigan
at
Ronald
as
a
this
time,
Press
separate
bulletin.
John
August,
1941
W.
Riegel,
Director
Com-
LABOR POLICY AND NATIONAL DEFENSE
CONTENTS
Page
A.
Effects
upon
labor
experiences
B.
Conscription
2.
Wartime
4,
Readjustments
war
upon
unemployment
and
labor
Foreign
2.
Compulsory
arbitration
4.
European
wage
4,
Canadian
wartime
trends
1.
Differences
2.
The
3.
Taking
chief
up
in
policy
wage
present
industrial
slacks
b.
Hours
c.
Work
d.
Labor
of work
rules
foreign
relative
labor
standards
suspension
to
of
and
speedy
to
labor
World
union
wartime
War
rules
Main
b.
Implementing
2
.
y
policies
9
II .
» LO
in
.
13
.
16
. oh
and
labor
policy
emergency
and
others
»
27
»
28
s
Se
36
of machines
.......4..028-
43
and men
43
.
and practices
arguments
wages
inflation
sought
idle men
48
«oo
rational
a.
shifts
.
American
be
of
in
and
disputes
Toward more
2
6
relation
American
and
1914-21
’
objectives
Reemployment
.
in
vast
general
.
and
wage
between
a.
Summary
policy
demobilizations;
for
spirals;
present
of
and
controls,
1918
effects
Current
other
after
1.
4,
D.
and
mobilizations
price-and-wage
Britain
C.
‘
1.
Some
of
on
wage
policy
policy
policy,
by
and vractice
needed
mediation
.
32
24
and
otherwise .
oy
. 61
LABOR
Among
by
the
urgent
present
ductive
while
the
we
are
and
World
abilities
AND
NATIONAL
difficult
War
and
merely
POLICY
are
upon
the
our
engaged
problems
new
forced
strains
price
in
DEFENSE
and
strenuous
it
wage
upon
puts
Americans
upon
our
structures.
defense
pro-
Even
preparations
(as
is the case while I write), the diffigulties are very great; and
they
would
pyramid
fighting.
other
to
Furthermore,
economic
minimize
cease
or
the
in
labor
anomalies,
due
for
to
were
need
to
defense
effects
the
eneanieet iene
upon
United
and
States
other
and
leaders
terms;
which
drawn
into
handle
period
may
influence
labor
our
in
the
actual
labor
and
such
ensue
as
manner
as
hostilities
with a
minimum
of
and
in
country
to
hardships,
in
these
interest
present
of
practices
inevitably
show
labor
of
rapidly
is
tends
under
to
in
bring
the
wage
increasingly
should
future.
employer
growing,
therefore
furthering
and
important
study
defense
—
many
and
groups
and
and
labor-relations.
labor
It
laws
to de-
modern
growth
management.
the
of
still
such
pertaining
constituents
continuously
is
is difficult
all
government
affairs
large-scale
policy
any
of
variety
of
elsewhere;
sure,
sums
in
enormous
factors
and
to be
the
example,
the
Nevertheless,
that
the
the
policy,"
abstract
wages,
conscious
nation
is
during
depression
affecting
and
our
pause.
even
rates
if
there
affairs
A "national
fine,
rapidly
labor
efforts
De
An
outstanding
standards
by
law
(governing,
and
by
gard
these
least
not
gency
demands
the
for
ployers,
of
in
the
present
examining
C)
deal
to
sibilities
toward
with
of
of
A,
to
for
by
and
upon
labor
in
conscious,
or
that
but
illustration
one
the
re-
at
believe
emer-
of
policy,
and
the
helps
these
matters
for
em-
on
and
some
citizens
of
these
has
main
B)
of
adjacent
and
productivity,
wars
a review
showing
and
effects
nations.
(in
section
some
effective
labor
parts.
problems--
modern
we go on
trends,
comprehensive,
by
large.
main
economic
and
Bahia sods
at
questions.
three
to
belligerent
work,
community
labor
some
labor
our
national
section
of this
of
efficiency,
discussion
(in
American
hours
defense
deflations--created
proceed
established
of
is
elertfy
outlining
labor
members
agencies,
our
newer
and hours),
people
Here
by~the
pospolicy
disputes,
wages.
A.
te
chosen
to
practical
attempts
current
employment,
other
elements
tates
more
Many
governmental
and
war
while
raised
wages
contributing
on
inflations
aftermaths;
instance,
achieve
section
After
and
to
framework
begin,
the
as
research
need
is
modifications.
bulletin
The
their
some
problems
agreements.
it;
employees,
This
notably
private
hindering
need
of
for
standards
coordinate
We
set
Conscription
Rapid
conduct,
EFFECTS UPON LABOR OF MOBILIZATIONS AND
DEMOBILIZATIONS: 1914-21 EXPERIENCES
and
Other
and adequate
demands
Controls,
for
Vast
preparation for war,
vast readjustments
throughout
and
Speedy
as well
Shifts
as its
national
life,
actual
and
-4-
at
top
speed.
dealings,
merit
In
peacetime
through
of
both
the
authority
ductive
"law
only
to
and incomes.
"because
shall
governmental
only
duce
in
supply
normally
would
ever,
political
the
C.
of
State
official
Hardy,
September,
a
than
are
regulation
rationing
a word,
of
law
to
with
as
in
1940).
and
thousand)
the
wants
demand,
can
pro-
demand
which
the
annual
must
novel,
to
industry,
1!
shortest
combination
political
be
sure,
labor,
(through
of Prices,
8
SFO
p.
of
control
"conscription
ES
Control
pro-
consumer
increasing
and
be
101.
time,
ac-
of
how-
economic
alone.
many
people
prices,
both
labor
Cited in
(Brookings,
and
While
"oriorities"
Taking the Profits Out of War, p. 22.
Wartime
other
controls
supply
twenty
power
supplies
general
and
year.
by
of
by public
competition)
of
(such
a new
still
freedom and
a planetarium--changes
decade
military
rather
labor
(and not
becomes
by
that
supreme
in the words of B. M. Baruch,
the
two
the
supplemented
(and not price)
single
achieved
conditions
otherwise)--in
O.
of
have
of
i
Then,
from
national
pressures,
1B, M. Baruch,
nation
is
accordance
~~
quantity,
a whole
span
usually
be
extreme
ing much
in
cooperation
production
the
utmost
emergency
favor
and
into
will
the
consume
airplane
The
applied
a multitude
individual
order
determination
sufficient
itself."1
celerated
be
toward
in
of
agencies,
and demand"
extent
complete
ad journs
of
of supply
results
public
Not so in wartime!
and because
rate
and
substantially
a minor
resources
aggregate
private
contributing
democracy;
the
includ-
machinery
and
capital,"
and
itatively
planned
government
all
the
is
control
never
wages,
and
complex,
can
only
the
by means
mands--not
and
most
of
by
more
one
for
in
for
its
by
the
through
author-
ppaouie:
becomes
because
whole
bribes,
nor
one new
central
example,
today,
from
author-
controls,
initiative,
wartime
alone
and
that
Hence
private
response
these
shown
auxiliary
combinations
of
of
completely
has
policy,
simple,
new
a
bureaucracy.
Wage
effective
many
any
a dozen
substituted
than
of
experience
cumbersome
bargaining.
rather
secure
But
necessitates
wholly
other
vocabulary
"M-Day."
a rapidly-growing
ity
other
a nation
labor
supply
appeals,
normal
more
and
com-
peacetime
mixtures.
e.
Wartime
More
Price-and-Wage
specific
authority
and
glances
over
we may
strive
wages,
this
cycle
part
excessive
labor
ers
ened
were
of
for
in
that
turnover
to
wars
ills
the
the
eight
cye¢le
was
and
ten
the
between
services,
of
which
rising
while
many
of
can
evils
which
labor
others,
in
as
prices
because
or
how
1914.
disputes
and
and
acute
remember
developed,
rents
defense
prices
beginning
of
a few
and burdensome
us
years
mean
only
subsided--by
numerous
absentism
golden
but
inflation
wars
Wages
economic
large
Many
or
shifting
some
great
great
Relative
demonstrate;
our
is
and
and
show
depression.
squeezed
their
elusive
as we make
these
business
painfully
demand
great
followed--as
proceeded
important
of
of
the
General
difficult
to minimize
One
general
to
are
histories
hitherto
chronic
guides
freedom
preparations.
Spiral:
and
many
and
of
An
the
workslack-
marked
>
-5-
increases
As
in
the
the
earnings
preceding
are
belligerent
tion
of urgent
for
affected
demands
naturally
for
produces
territories
industries.
and
received
the
whole
wage
and
coal
miners'
United
States
facturing
"all
the
earnings
during
rose
sometimes
12.4
per
must adapt
themselves
transport,
bances.
Private
curbed
in
tories
were
and
diverted
Europe
soon
serviced
into
more
even
many
of
to
and
for
manning
motor
before
equal
shifted
increased
annual
as
into
private
war-like
cars
deemed
armed
real
as
war work,
as
not
well
for
of
and
fast
as
6.6
the
and
In
per
cent
any--of
many
in
1939.
people
as
other
was
far
the
in manu-
essentiato
l
to
to
operatives,
earnings
instance,
war
average)
more.
with
in other
British metal
cotton
supplies--if
outbreak
were,
addi-
occupations,
(on the
still
compared
vehicles,
the
the
develop
instance,
nearly
reduced
Labor
sudden
.
average
cent,
and
Within
industries,
i
of business
finance,
use
and for
and
war.
and maladjustments
advances
1915-18,
some
huge
luxuries.
rates
and
less-strategically-situated
Types
lals,
sold
of
in
In 1914-18,
industries."1
effort
production
slumps
wage
the
new
wage
defense
country
~~
afford
relative
by national
boom effects
local
could
suggests,
war
while
workers
work,
or rapidly-arming
and localities;
trade
their
sentence
greatly
each
forces
demand
the war
mater-
distur-
drastically
Motor
who
as
in
fac-
normally
practicable,
employments.
ltmese and other examples are given by E. J. Riches in "Relative
in Wartime," International Labor Review, October-November, 1940,
42, p. 217ff.
There was a world-wide lowering of relative wages
skilled workers after 191.
Wages
Vol.
of
4.
Readjustments
How
World
the
did
War
end
led
to
wage
affect
of
The
the
that
After
rates
problems
American
relaxations
armed
forces
tion
industries
such
return
in
Britain
and
and
the
mining,
with
wage
new
of
steam
ee
United
States
war
bonds
<W.
1909
Bowden,
to
by
Board
"Wages,
1939,"
ways
of
the
first
demobilization
of
was
continued
earners
in
million
in
private
than
wage
of
controls
such
from
every
controls.
and
at
within
a few
and
mining,
of
the
living.
Numbers
of
labor
not
1919
and
reached
1920,
again
all
employed
in
American
1919
about
was
1914
and
due
11.3
until
million,
was
perhaps
more
continuance
of
1920;
manufacturing,
in
such
the
1937.4
million
to
compared
1923.
factors
This
pronounced
as
the
employment
in
spend-
ermed
rm,
Hours,
kept
at
work
for
and Productivity
Labor Review,
Sept.,
a year
or
two
of Industrial
1940,
to
disputes
in
11.1
employment
elsewhere,
but
nations
opera-
attempt
until
in
yeers
railways,
symbolic
in
sort
The
management
soar
in
of
was
to
earners,
was
Monthly
wartime
manufacture,
this
levels
level
r
ithe War Labor
armistice.
economic
retired
All
railroads
boom
of
policies
demobilized,
munitions
high
wage
post-war
the
as
1917
rates
number
and
and
abrogations
largely
pre-war
the
Benno
brief
ing
to
reached
States
Prices
had
with
rapidly
ship-building.
quickly
| United
in
and
labor
military
and
were
agencies
shipping
of
other
irritations
governmental
of
and
war?
accumulated
rapid
1918.
table
after
5.
the
Labor,
-{-
forces
tic
and
in
completion
extensions
The
and
recovery
wage
in
of
and
a
sharp
salary
as
but
Another
in
trade
union
membership,
equalled
again
in
was
of
the
cuts
in
all
early
as
1922.1
this
had
been
equalled
at
all
From
1922
to
it
appeared
is
had
now
that
made
all
a highly
too
decade,
in
clear
our
and
of
successful
but
we
can
now
nation
that
as
was
a number
of
cents
in July,
1914)
optimis-
the
New
drastic
of
in
in
other
prices
a serious
a peak
1920
and
decline
that
Deal
period,
that
the
was
and
not
has
Britain.
from
maladjustments
as
abroad.
everywhere
factors
war
to
of
accomplished,
were
Aaserben
peace.
persisted
Much
preventing
The Conference Board's monthly series of average
manufacturing industrtes, for example,which begin
24.7
1920-21,
was
transition
well
to
a considerable
spiral
superficially
ominous
readjustment
see
Great
successful
that
own
in
by
years
debacle
until
all
remarkably
also
The
reached
States
by
downward
economic
above
countries:
nations;
brief
which
United
1929,
foreign
and
characterized
since
economy
it
phase
contracts,
to
relatively
wages .©
not
credit
1920-21
employment
saw
wartime
American
depression
prompt
words,
of
of
But
throughout
reconstruction
of
course;
a real
earnings per hour in
(after the estimate of
in September and October,
carried this average down
first half of 1922; after
tember, 1923.
with Jue,
1920,
1920.
The rapid decline which followed
somewhat below 48 cents the last of 1921 and
which it rose steadily to 56 cents by Sept”
“The
Statistics
present
U.S.
living
only
149.4,
cent
to
Bureau
costs
74.0
of
Labor
(1935-39
by
=
December,
and by September,
down
from
the
peak.
100)
stood
1915.
In
at
70.7
June,
1922 had been
show the peak
in
index
1920,
19135,
deflated
it
of
of 61.1
urban
and
had
reached
to 118.7
wage
moved
its
cents
earner
up
peak
--about
of
20 per
wee
recovery.
body
Among
politic
Communist
the
were
and
World
compete
or
social
Nazi
War
less
(1)
war
I.
after
Most
tion,
in
also
The
that
by
on
rates
deflation
an
old gold
particularly
the
of
Ga
impossible
of
Europe" into
which
emerged
international
preventing
was
a
parity
for
an
scope,
adequate
these
ideal
Spiess
ie
one
hindrance
circumvented
in
by
that
the British
was
of
cotton
in
the
this
the
resumpin
view
extreme
United
a
of
prices,
British
greater
degree
problem could
pound
pre-
manufacture.
the
rigidity
-
to
"unsheltered"-
readjustment
country;
stabilizing
which
of the
accomplished
The
sought
return
a millstone
debts.
was
of
pina
the neck
that was
to
was
the
produced
hung upon
nearer
degree
illustration
Continent
deflation
against
largely
world's
and alliances
ssmnee
Noteworthy among
and
which
in the
"Balkanization
however,
of
outstanding
the
was
oe
the
factors,
rank
thereafter
1925
movements,
nationalisms
expected
os
moderate
wages,
wage
top
industries.
more
States
for
tumors
1918:
of
depreciation
British
other
An
1925,
deflation
Two
people
conditions.
malignant
revolutionary
varieties;
vigorously
readjustment
been
more
impracticably small-scale
from
of
the
on a
lower
of
have
gold
content.
(2)
A
second
readjustments
the prices
and
needful.
the
public
after
required
major
1918
for
Pressure
purse
to
buy
factor
was
such
the
which
unwillingness
"returns
groups
opiates
prevented needful
of
to normalcy"
everywhere
had
become
all
economic
nations
as were
pay
feasible
skillful
for thown
ei
ecor
nomic
to
in using
diseases--in
~9-
devising
coal,
subsidy
cotton,
in
1914-20
had
and
view
exaggerate
and price
wheat,
of these
the
which
were
that
of wage rates
avoided,
doubtless
we
schemes
bloated
complications
responsibility
inflation
been
maintenance
it
is
should
by
have
industries
the
war.
clear
be
and prices.
should
for
that
we
charged
Even
been
like
could
easily
against
if this
the
inflation
stumped
by many
of
we,
the
industrial
less
the
degree
political
which
of both
alleged
the
of
efforts
hampered
points
maladjustments
inflation
after
efforts
left
by
19135
to
in
the
wake
which
the
nations
added
beat
materially
swords
Communis
and Naziism,
m
solutions
of
the
into
for
unemployment
of
to
the
war.
financed
the
instance,
obstacles
Prime
were
which
their
other
plowshares.
problem
Neverthe-
sales
their
persisted
after
war.
In
time
B.
SOME
the
preceding
labor
us
now
of
foreign
policy,
undertake
certain
rules,
from
a brief
actions
aspects
wage
to
the
OF THE PRESENT WAR UPON
AND LABOR POLICIES
section
with
countries
particulars
ticularly
EFFECTS
special
review
inter-war
policy,
labor
and
opened
of
some
period
Canada,
finance.
some
to
major
the
we
and
with
labor
war-
War.
Let
September
1949
Starting
(1919-38),
Sweden
of
World
since
issues.
LABOR
problems
first
endeavors
similar
standards,
war
up
reference
deal with
in Britain,
of
we
FOREIGN
disputes,
shall
with
notice
reference
trade
union
a few
parto
wtijn
Le
1919
In
for
though
than
Britain
in
countries
after
1918 was
the
researches
trend
general
France,
New
and
Zealand,
and
were
pay)
1938,
industrial
for
established
followed
by four
by
in 1914.
providing
soon
swept
away--
to be
the
1938,
and
more
much
was
United
the
agreements
in
most
of working
by
accelerated
in
of 40 hours
several
the
the
hours
unemployment
had
or less
nations--notably
In Europe,
States.°
of
In
factors.
important
reductions
workers
Regulation in Great Britain since
British Wages Boards (Washington,
been
forms
legislation
Labor
work weeks
‘see, for instance, A.G.B. Fisher,
had
legal
were
continued
conferences
for drastic
weekly
year
and by the
crisis;
become
in
reduction
(without
the
British
restoring
extended to deal with many new questions.
agitation
1929
After
rates
toward
way
disputes
pefore 1914.*
Organization
Labor
International
labor
wage
of
regulation
public
prominent
this
of
arbitration
compulsory
the
Furthermore,
1913.
of
practices
union
trade
led
Parliament
of
Act
an
II.
War
World
in
Standards
Labor
and
Unemployment
Foreign
40-hour-
the
Some Problems of Wages and Their
1918 (London, 1926); and Dorothy Sells,
1949).
Of the 49 Trade Boards which
oldest
The number
three
were
grew rapidly
set
after
up
in
1910,
the war's
Cclose--e.g. ll were established in 1919, 20 in 1920.
Among other
types of governmental minimum wage fixing in Britain after the war
was that of agricultural wage committees, which operated 1917-21 and
from
ae
1924
onward.
reports
and proceedings
Session (Geneva:
plan for industrial
of International
I.L.0.,'1938).
workers became
In Italy,
a 5-day,
Labor
Conference,
24th
40 hour week--here,
too,
also, the official normal
an important objective was to spread work for palliation of unemployment.
In U.S.A. coal miners obtained a 7-hour day and 5-day week in
1934; .and besides a few other strongly-organized trades which had
likewise achieved normal hours shorter than 40 a week, the 6-hour day
(permitting up to 4-shift, 24-hour operation of a plant, and usually
ais
week
movement
and
especially
German
and
As
by
undermined,
reports
Italian
drastic
to
hours
At
up than
cuts
of
of
work.+t
that
time
in 1914
1939-41);
but
war,
there
Jobs
and
their
these
outside
many
plants.
so
labor
had
relatively
(from
reports
longer
of
in
France,
prevailed
give
the
in
time-and-a-quarter
to
and
of
was
industries
in
1939,
a
series
reference
unemployment
economy was
resistance
to
States
double
that
by
already
geared
workers
for
to
free
time)
1938,
were
take
in
relax
to
key
legal
hands;
and
was gaining ground, especially
which continuous processing is
moreover,
show,
of
began
with
the United
supplies
war
proportions
promptly
slack
than
whose
least
war
particularly
more
less
of
a week for each worker)
and other industries in
I.L.0.
excesses
or
alike
standards,
nations
to
its
great
nations
bottlenecks
as
by
shifts
reached
neutral
line
part
industries.
of Germany,
The
standards
6 shifts
Chemical
tant.
The
and
in
10-hour
conflicts
(though
were
that
armament
belligerent
of
rates
soon
international
European
labor
was
penalty
one
in
impor-
wage
required,
by law
or collective agreements, for overtime work in a dozen or more lands.
Outside the few 40-hour-week nations, such penalty wage rates usually
applied
to work
over
8 hours
in a day or 48 hours
older types of legal hours controls,
trades, prohibited work beyond their
permit
ands;
the 40-hour
French
and the
penalty
laws
of the
March,
1936-37
were
of
for women, minors, and
limits, except through
of many NRA codes
similar
inflexibility.
(The
hazardous
special
and of the
Other
NRA
codes--
earlier Adamson Act--exemplified the present tendency to use a
overtime rate as a more flexible, less bureaucratic, means of
controlling
lSee
of
regulations
in a week.
hours
International
War
1940,
of work.)
Labor
Review,
and Mobilization
vol.
41,
pp.
issues
on Hours
291-306.
of
the
of Work
period,
and Rest
e.g.
"Influence
Periods,”
2yo.
result
capable
even
weeks
was longer
unemployed workers
Penalty
carded
in the belligerent
example higher
cash
pay
for work beyond normal
earlier
totalitarian
workman's
still
cone,
was
models
were
(in
some
industries,
Other governments
in
into
dis-
no means
by
ae Belgium and Great Britain
continued
hours.
overtime wage
available.
however ,
overtime,
for
rates
wage
were
which
in
areas
occupations and
some
for
this
matter
social
and
security or
(like
at
least)
France)
diverted
part
for
copied
of
working-class
the
welfare
funds.
Again, as in 1914-15, a reaction followed within the war's first
year.
has
it
Probably
in
yet been
rigorously
from
the
standpoint
that
the
optimum
a week
shorter
but
of
rate
than
few
pati sateen
smticeumeee’
tebe
of
six
ee
that the
output, is
production
8-hour
ee
per
days.
worker
Adequate
conditions,
however,
optimum
work shift,
below
can
be
eight
hours, or
ndepatud
Supervisory
by
and
skilled
ite German reaction in December,
1939, shortened the normal work
|
shift to ten hours in war industries.
The circular of British Minister
of Labor
of 7-day
Bevin in July, 1940, which called. a halt on "the
working, with an average working week of between
continuation
70 and 80
hours," recommended an average week in munitions production of some
60 hours (inclusive of short rest and refreshment pauses), until such
time as recruiting and training of labor forces would permit" a reduc-
tion in the working week to the
many manufacturing fields ghows
a
. .
that
International
267-271.
long-shift
(A year
optimum hours, which experience
to be in the region of 55 or 56
Labor Review,
later,
seven-day
October-November,
however,
weeks
were
complaints
too
often
were
1940,
still
required):
vol.
in
hours
42,
heard
Remember
(a) that Bevin has been, for many years, a trade union leader
standing character and influence; and (b) that when he issued
circular just referred to there were still 763,000 or de> per
of people covered by unemployment insurance unemployed.
Here
of outthe
cent
is a
a5.
forces
had
not
furthermore
to
Labor
other
again
The
as
labor
easily
as
minimize
work
labor
rules
compulsory
of Labor
Service;"
Labor
and
in
Supply
in
the
one
Board
of
and
strong
indication
ill afford
that
to wait
of
earners
Union
affected
through
and
France;
were
though
by
unwilling
disputes.
more
promptly
"labor
piracy,”
(where
Great
it
was
its
civilian
not
for
"full
title
State
war
service.t
employment"
can
earnest
to
of union
in
use)
the
to
Minister
"and of National
he
organs,
in
industrial
of
instance,
local
is
=
already
capacities,
which
to
administration
additional
numerous
pattern
variations.
to suspension
9
Britain,
the
in
for
1914-18
have resorted
a country
until
The
to
war
measures
important
and training,
in Britain
present
some
with
for
the
with
significant
his
Rules
authoritative
avoiding
and
In
of
in Britain
wage
unemployment-insurance
which,
conscription
as
Suspension
conscription
arbitration.
and
and
1939-41
and
emergency
well
vitally
practices,
powers
can
been
turnover
received
¥
and
recognizable,
offices
as
especially
military
employment
this
holidays.
supplies
belligerents
well
and
has
ways,
for
managers
Arbitration
abroad
mobilizing
is
and
week-ends
Compulsory
several
trained
owners
shorten
e.
been
is
chairman
utilize
about
of
a
emergency
war
is reached before
effort
lengthening permissible hours of work.
A more important slack than
short turns of work which has not yet been fully utilized by the
democracies is idleness of plant facilities not operated as many hours
as they could be by multiple and staggered shifts of workers.
lparticulars on these and other
are summarized in International
1940,
vol.
42,
pp.
252-564,
matters discussed in the above text
Labor Review, October-November,
«hho
com-
unemployment
national
British
the
in
regulations
administrative
of
revision
following
is the
purpose
this
for
instrument
new
One
system:
- pensation
which must
employment'
'suitable
of
definition
"The
be accepted by an insured worker receiving benefit has been
extended to include work certified to be of national imporSuch work, if on standard rates and conditions, is
tance.
not deemed unsuitable merely because the worker has previously had better working conditions, or, if he has been
unemployed for a fortnight or more, because the job is not
in his
working
cherished
Employment
war
incidentally
from
Arbitration Order,
“established
evidence
if
and
memoranda
filing
for
the
unions
ask
July
25,
particulars
giving
practices",
trade
when
effective
which
with
of
1940,
such
of
notations
restoration
for
permit-
conditions
The
labor.
female
and
male
again
its
journeymen
of union
"dilution"
temporary
thereby
duration,
War's
the
of
some
up
gave
will
of
pre-
conditions.
The
main
tribunal
for
settled.
In
the
National
and
departures
as
as
in 1939-40
labor
for
semi-skilled
and
unskilled
serve
rules
expedients
such
provides
British
in 1914-15,
As
ting
occupation."
usual
Committee
effect
final
of
this
however,
Order,
adjudication
of
any
this
function,
at
least,
on
Production
of
1915
labor
the
and
new
is
to
set
disputes
board
following
up
a top
not
is
otherwise
analogous
years;
and
like
to
the
old Committee, the present National Arbitration Tribunal becomes
largely
responsible
One
in
way
which
lipid, p. 262
the
for
the
present
main
outlines
compulsory
of
British
arbitration
wage
system
policy.
of
Britain
21 5=
resembles
those
actually
tion
to
halt
approaches
than to
wage
of
that
World
strikes.+
somewhat
of
Britain
authorities,
workers,
wage
were
boards
powers,
the
numerous
of
public
Many
of
the
concern
tions
and
of
labor
deal
1914-18.
deal
since
experience
The
large
peacetime
with
wage
wartime
the
above
| emacs
In March
first
the
low
these
Councils.
1941,
month
90's.
in
voluntary
present
war,
British
the
is
than
in
and
which
all
it
which
was
and
created
theory
labor
trend
for
at
the
from
with
in
model
minimum
lowest-paid
these
latter
compulsory
voluntary
deter-
salaries.©
agencies
Industrial
was
have
differentials
1919,
of independence
of
all
arranged
in
of
assist
The
which
determiners,
more
Apart
and
has
regula-
British
these
sex.
wage
Many
tribunal,
wages
able
Australian
1914.
to
been
peacetime
protection
continue
and
dislocations
Monthly statistics of
Gazette show no marked
was
age
degree
1
years.
by
full-time tribunal
the
has
wages--comparisons
and
disputes
of
British
relative
them
1915-18.
arbitral
with
of
to
business
private
none
the
in
agencies
and
that
closely
1949
top
problems
regions,
tinguished
more
in
new
other
is
During
main
operating
and
I
itself
whose
minations
cope
War
has
a dis-
wrought
a great
out
among
the
innumerable
and
the
haste
however,
employment,
wages,
and
occupa-
settlements
conserved
painfully
to
among
Court,
voluntary
had
in
required
prices,
to
made
disputes given in the Ministry of Labour
upward or downward during the last several
instance,
121 labor
least
two
years
agencies
are
the
that
Joint
disputes
the
began.
number
(Whitley)
had
This
risen
Industrial
ee.
it needful
and
after
1939
injustices which
were
and
workers
Even
are
not
if
of
their
work
their
Wage
Policy
Relation
in
of
their
What
"paying
great
the
relative
to
to
deprivations
wages
the
of
new
over
behaviors
are
the
in
wartime
are
multiplied
national
an
of
the
on
often
board.
leads
Trade
the
the
to
legis-
Boards,
denree
war.
be
in
In
made
the
which
any
des-
sustaining
policy
important
and
difficult
they
on
are
not
handled
or
average
determiner
as
to
was
levels
intimated
are
how
of war finance,
of distributing
As
price
enough at
general
The problems
population.
wage
>
when
at bottom problems
whole
old
Inflation
of war shall be shared.t
g
un-organized
arms.
Wartime
is
or
of
must
or
costs
much
conduct
anomalies
minimum wage
living
choice
of
are
any
depend
hard
wages
a conscious
happens
to
to
difficulties
care
to
wielders
for the war,"
respective
apt
the
of
the
Particularly menaced
ill-organized
behind
the
essential
struggle,
the great burdens
of
to
and
reference
wages.
all
producers
and
with
earnings
swiftly-with
produced.
jurisdiction
wiboucté
is deemed
Problems
best;
them
and
nekbeds
low-paid,
the
their
real
national
the
4.
of
roughly
new
numerous
committing
trend
best
lag
deal
the
inition
the
lation
perate
the
to
these
above,
key-factors
|
.
Defense expenditures, which in modern total war may account for even
more than half of the total:national production, are not indeed quite
a net social burden, for to some extent these defense activities
1
(e.g.
building
ships,
airplanes,
and roads,
preparing
soldiers'
food,
clothing, shelter) replace normal peacetime industry.
Nevertheless
it is broadly true that both the armed forces and the war industries
divert a staggering amount of any belligerent's resources into destructive actions, leaving progressively less for civilian use.
Its
in
war
finance.
Le
ee ee ae
aT
ee a
-
Where
further
and
the
notice
import
Wartime
flation.
of
price
when
a
and
affect
coffee
now
dammed
because
the
up
“cost
retailer's
cost;
and
taxes.
a neutral
defense
riddled
and
1939-40;
costs
in
Sweden,
costs
in
preparations
being
greatly
in
In
and
here
Canada,
as
and
nation
are
compared
in
upward,
the
run
of
young
occurs.
American
transport
the
lag
people
to
those
are
general
the
in
much
his
the
Britain.
immediately
affected
by
sharp
her
own
taxation
as
well
opportunities;
hence
in
August,
1940,
oil
her
wages,
is
rent,
that
not
of
By
States
living
contrast,
rises
as
of
strenuous
United
rise
was
defense
are
notably
imports
level
slower
Great
sustained
hemisphere.
own
upon
was
civilian
is only part
price
a nation
cause
staples,
not making
dependent
a
in-
may
wholesale,
sible
are
where
facilities
farm
behind
instance,
Such
then
More
on
the
and
men's
of
to
bit
spell
products
stocks
whose
with
even
vast
for
clues
long
specific
(at wholesale
affected.
also
in
spots
war,
emergency
or
sell elie
a foreign
all
prices
tend
costs,
and are
neutral,
imports
exporting
other
immediately
though
of
by
various
analyne: a
markets
the
sold"
war
mobilization
whose
moreover,
of goods
the
the
us
policy.
means
in
are
in
wage
policies
as
--Let
any
demand for
goods
war--examples
movements,
no
unforeseen
the
price
of
in
for
by
weaknesses,
by
Retail
are
are
lack
High.
prices
lessened
large
weaknesses
reduced
or
a time,
are
analysis
changes
widespread
clothing
this
policies
For
Prices
influencing
price
government's
and
Wartime
factors
the
rather
Why
by
wholesale
in
decline
price
©
-18index
was
cost
some
index
32
about
_ Many taxes
income,
the ordinary
tend
to pay
that
of
August,
1939,
occasioned by national defense,
inheritance,
quired
cent above
and
prices
expensive-luxury
of
the
indexes of
vastly
presently
and her
living
12 per cent. higher.
directly) affect
in
per
to
taxes),
commodities
and
living costs.
higher
taxes,
help raise any
do
sure - (especially
not (at
rents which
Yet when
inevitably
broad
to be
many
index of
417
least
are
people
of
these
involved
are
re-
levies
do
prices.
As a war. continues, each nation combats its own shortages by increasing
the production
of the deficient
them--e.g. of agricultural
aluminum,
in
production
from
the
rising
come.
tend
indeed to
check
than
the
mines,
only when
prices
ast
rubber
and
Such increases
high-cost
are high.
|
encounters
be very tiuch more
for
some
and: use
factories
of steel,
yet even apart
will
efficient plants,
signify
Europe,
new wartime production
for instance,
furnaces,
workers), generally
are usable
in
in
increases;
normally-imported plantation
even
and of substitutes for
United States.
price
Artificial: rubber,
obsolete fields,
which
as.war goods
recited above,
Extra-shift work,
competent
well
instruments. in
circumstances
costs...
expensive
to
and optical
as
goods
(also
productive
years
of
of
to
—
marginal
the less
capacities
|
&
re
i
“Skandinaviske
pp.
107,110.
Conference
Banken,
In
quarterly Review,
their article,
Board Economic
(Stocktiolm),
“International
Record, June 11,
1941,
October,
Cost-of-Living
White
1940,
.
Comparison
and Mellon
give
indexes for the U. S. and 17 foreign: countries for each of the years. 1914;
20 inclusive,. also many data for the same countries in 1939-41.
-19-
Bey
resources
Slacks
at
which
such
increase
the
defense
for
new
inadequate
ties
and
housing
to
and
come
supplies
current
which
to
restrict
other
it
requires
measures
include:
controlled--and
and
second,
advances
war.
industrial
the
We
whole
arrive
spirals:
is based
to
is
thus
competitive
State
money
the
supplies
on
production
through
with
essential
subsidized--and
remaining
for
the
lowest
the
heels
of
costs
and
soon
banking
Conincomes
consumers'
relatively
gap.
whatever
commandeered).
people
of
induce
(including
the
civilians
be-
commodi-
actually
goods
borrowing
soon
requisite
bridge
actually
protect
wages
to
credit.
possible
loans
consumer
outbids
those
the
perhaps
of
government
the
government
purchase
war
insufficient
of
to
to
which
purchases
on
politically
government
(including
raise
up
provide
price-wage
appears
extent
their
advancing
of
the
rationing
(at
enhancement
the
designed
first,
wage
first
which
to
by modern
moreover ,
varities
of
adequate
wartime
services)
means
taking
wa,
at
and
by
mpg
enable
several
by
in
goods.
services;
consumers
secured
required
spending,
taxation
System,
force
this
come
Such
effort
scarce
of
be
unemployment are not
outstanding
Much
Then
practically
can
as
of
spending
The
white wad Lite Bada Headey deers saweutien thatthe
low
rising
prices);
living
require
goods
costs.
further
prices.
ithe following estimates, referring to U.S. experience in World War I,
will supply quantitative illustration of the above proposition.
Taking
1912-14 as 100, our total factory wage payments or payrolls mounted
sharply
sumer
1919.
to
goods
about
rose
(Cleveland
220
only
in
to
1918,
290
around
Trust Co.,
in
120
1920.
by
Business
1916,
Our
and
Bulletin,
total
very
July
output
of
slightly
15,
1940.)
con-
more
in
-20-—
Among
the
numerous
war spiral
are
two which
creates
social unrest
(2)-4%
produces
war debt)
in
the
Both
lines
of
Price
of
of such
rent
upon
series
of
gives
are
war
the
lowest
even
sum
very
living
are
an
now
would
upon
the
answer
sure ,
great,
incomes
suffice
neutral,
in
rent
great
is
problem.
has
been
ee
deterioration
above
for
to
a modest
of
a major
war's
Socialist-governed
of
of
second
all
wage
for
line of
a
Mik
rates
tote
should
Tt remains
and
their
others
urgently
who
receive
already abominably
agreed
national
could be
and
rationing
spending
Sete:
largely
total
level
price
recommended--namely,
whether
are
absence
bureaucratic
those wage earners
in. relation
But
cost of living.
economists
is the
In the
years,a
incomes
question
with
from
yet
widely
spendable
shield
few
Method. --Two
One
restrictions.
last
government's
inevitable:
Swedish
degree of
and
doubly burdensome
rise much faster.
the
to the
to
incomes
so
not
degree
Needed.
obnoxious
Thus,
standards;
if all
In
require
in full proportion
to be
and
and rents
inflation
levies
needful,
some
it
(1)
boom:
of it the
accom
d
by panie
suitable limitation
a negative
advance
in
inflationary
due to rising prices;
which becomes
Controls
price
prices
oes
attack
period,
Spending
governmental
they
"profits"
can be made upon this
controls,
current
costs
and
regulations
unless
poor
high-price
this
any peacetime
of debt (mech
deflation which
of attack
tactic
through the
volume
consequences
of
with
it shares
a great
in the
phase
undesirable
that
defense
production,
confiscated,
that
the
financing.
Sweden,
which
is
now
burdened
by
8)
rising
living
provided
certain
the
as
stated
above,
poorer
people
by
other necessaries
agreed
full
to
costs
that
rise
during
the
expected
in
of
war
living
CompulWar
soLoa
ry
ns
matters discussed
incomes
in
novel
feature
is the
however,
Other
was
cylinders
poorest
people,
of
taxes
both
Much
of
possible
to
one
pay
must
but
to
war
one which
Keynes
the
were
intended
to
improve
and
require
compulsory
argument
finance
the
enormously
was
war
from
devoted
merely
ISee International Labor Review,
engine
the
progressive
loans
greater
war
to
by
taxes),
"Keynes
which
living
incomes
above
showing
that
and
May 1941,
vol.
not
its
the
by
the
amount .t
on
the
as to
most
pay."
It,
designed.
standards
of
the
contributions
the
it
taxation
that
unions
Plan"
he
percentage
current
trade
perspective
"deferred
and
lesser
Doubtless
called
of
the
fuel
increased,
valuable
promptly
to
a distinctly
financing.©
cylinder
to
by
be
apPorana by the
one
and
Keynes'
costs,
should
was
subsidies
simultaneously
in Britain.+-A
relation
but
and
rates
above has been
labor
protection
governmental
life;
wage
special
exempt
would
be
level.
im-
(though
every-
practical
alter-
43, pp.
564-568.
Agree-
ments main
de
1939 advanced wage rates, on the average, to an extent
estimated at 75% of the expected rise in living costs.
A bad harvest
in 1940 aggravated the difficulties, and the agreements made in 1941
are said to bring wage rates up by little more than half the increase
in living costs.
(In many occupations, of course, weekly earnings
have advanced as much as cost of living, if not more--by reason espeCially of steadier work and overtime.
eT.M. Keynes, How to Pay for the War. (London and New York: February
1940). For a digest and commentary on this plan, from the standpoint
of labor problems, see article by E.J. Riches in Studies in War Eco-
nomics
(Montreal:
International
Labor
Office,
1941).
goes
native
that
to
would
demand
of
compulsory
on
the
wages
futile,
fall
to
loans
most
part
heavily
of
the
compensate
and greatly
The
principle
would
concealed,
small
trade
unions
for
every
the
disadvantage
"deferred
increase
pay"
inflationary
incomes.
for
to
of
on
be
or
an
in
Hence,
he
said,
"a
increase
in
money
rates
the
cost
undertook
of
war
to
raise
expenditure
tax
by
"To mitigate
rates,
the
of deferred
a substantial
many
new
to some extent
compulsory
loans
budget
credits
of
of
taxes
includes
the
the
to taxpayers.
living
class."
part
types
of
of the working
adopted by the British government in April 1941.
42
taxation
was
The budget for 1941-
the
estimated
and
severity
innovation
The
war
is
loans.
$20
billions
And
of these
essence
of
a system
of the plan
is that the Government assumes an obligation to repay to
both individuals and corporations a certain proportion of
the taxes now levied upon them, and sets up for this purpose credits to their account in the Post Office Savings
Bank, repayable after the war.
Individual taxpayers will
be credited with most of the increase in their taxes,
up to&65 yearly, which results from the lowering of exemptions and the reduction of earned income allowance.
As ©
Sir Kingsley Wood explained in the Commons, a married man
with two children who earns the equivalent of $1,400 will
pay about $98 in income tax this year instead of about $22
which he paid last year; but some $69 will be credited to
him in a post office savings account.
Corporations are
similarly to be credited with 20 percent of the 100 percent
excess
profits
By the
close
British
prices
and
tax
of the
wages
paid."1
year
had
1940,
after more
registered
than
a year
a considerable
of war,
rise.
Their
~,
history in 1914-15 was tending to repeat itself, but by 1941 the
public
had
been
prepared
for
more
heroic
remedies
than
INational City Bank Economic Letter, May 1941, p. 58
it
had
in
~23| 1915.
The
= 100);
December
a similar
100).
The
some
e2/
1940
index
official
per
cent
above
variation);
about
20
percent.
ment,
overtime,
the
dexes
and
like,
in
in
other
Sweden,
price
No
doubt
butable
to
with
care
British
of
wage
earnings,
the
increased
of
stuffs
a large
for
of
the
In
the
of
on
of
staple
up,
to
September
have
the
commodities
like
in
German
for
occupations
price
up
such
had
inless,
as
experienced
wages
should
15
prices
greatly
factor
prices
had
meat,
per
of
and
be
individual
some
and
wheat,
stood
employ-.
moved
time
rents,
devalued
latter
that
however,
encountered
fuller
neutrals
is
attri-
so
on.
handled
countries.
cent
in
British
terms
food-
increased shipping
the
and
opposite
wool,
effect
which
‘Data in above paragraph from Royal Economic Society's Memorandum
No. 85, London and Cambridge Economic Service's Report on Current
Economic Conditions, London, February 1941.
See Conference Board
comparison,
cited
above.
|
=
average,
Meanwhile
in
prices,
1949;
the
1939
British.
circumstances
was
1941
higher-paid
at
the
sort,
on
had
1914
adjusted
reason of
European
as
of
this
example,
Dominions
by
stability
controls
imports
charges.
prices
part
after
moved
Greece
order
Btvapecsal.
soon
other
and
(August
(August
when
Commonwealth
all--though
same
comparisons
currency,
and
British
at
the
had
considerably more.
the
151
at 148
cent,
ieusetpeaa
Portugal,
about
because
dollar
pele
was
as of ating te
per
Total
undemocratic
International
(23
rates
scarcely
of
1949
wage
Switzerland,
rises
August
prices
stood
cost
and
parts
Germany
wholesale
of living
transfers
had
of
in November 1915
index
seasonal
and
index
|
bt
they
are
accustomed
indexes,
differently
grees
the
other
resorts
spiral
great
inability
to
export.
to
use
machinery
And
compiled
wartime
and
in
this
the
National
to
work
out
of
A
war,
finally,the
weighted,
problems
substitutes.
in Britain
mental
to
reflect
deterioration
significant
part
nevertheless,
Arbitration
and
various
enforce
price
in
differing
in
quality
of
the
wage
de-
and
of
upward
seems
due
to
Tribunal
and
other
a —
and
national
British
govern-
wage-price
policy.
4,
Banetiden
Wartime
Canadian
of
the
labor
United
factions
and
tions.
The
beyond
that
The
gether
toward
the
national
has
It
regulation
is
less
full-time
more
war
or
of labor"
rules,
later
and
in
to
measures,
less
with
orders,
Disputes
amendments
and
the nation
than
which
of
Prices
sister
the
L
however,
in
Australia
that
Canadian
are
not
treated
the
wage
wage
here
but
of certain
Board.
Act
provincial
"cooling-off"
there
policy, are
suspension
aupedenpntegs:
goes
arbitration
latter
Trade
Cro
jurisdic-
the
and
those
and
Dominions,
Investigation
to compulsory
of
Dominion,
administer
voluntary
Industrial
AF
compulsory
those
the -War-time
common with
government
this
the
effective
personnel
Canadian
mesh
accustomed
wage
in
between
federal-provincial
Britain,
Great
Canadian
with
split
of
"anti-enticing
trade-union
of
the
of
Other
gears
including
elements
policy
central
whose
many
war-wage
Zealand.
policy.
have
national
and
no
--
conflicts
of
is
Policy.
problems
States
systems
New
Wage
of
1907,
actions,
delays
of
to-
ioa
as
For
appointed,
which
dispute
persists,
tions.
Then
other
economic
numerous
and
non-bureaucratic
new
The
following:
the
C.
(1)
the
No.
7440.
100 ff.
Industrial
another
Wage
e.g.,
Defense,
“Pp,
labor
collective
Ecce,
over
review
of
powers
in the
these
Twentieth
(1941).
address
commentary
of Arthur
of
J.
principles
to
be
the
of
report,
is
Queen's
Hills,
important
more
1939
given
were
Labor
are
has
University,
of
volunthe
as high
and
in Bulletin
Chairman
observed
Labour--who
principles
these
September
Century Fund's
Section
Council
over
Among
in
in-
Canadian
in
an
the Minister
and
boards
which,
brief
Relations
several
by
agreements.
rates
One
and
the
during
Order
by
form
legal
suitable
most
all
to
in
down
industry.
paper
down
lays
Conciliation
of
Boards
all
the
given
1940 ,©
16,
December
dated
policy,
wage
to
also
work,
war
certain
use
regulation
labor
extended
was
application
its
Renee
in
dustries
tary
democratic
war.
present
by
it
the
offer
to
thought
was
but
recommenda-
system has broken
Tecolingsore”
This
weapons.
or
strike
to
free
legally
are
disputants
the
and
findings
its
public
makes
instances;+
for
basis
Board
the
the
if
and
settlement;
a voluntary
arrange
to
attempts
is
Conciliation
of
a Board
dispute
labor
serious
each
utilities.
public
and
mining
as
such
others
several
in
but
States)
United
the
in
(somewhat
industry
transportation
the
in
only
not
lockouts,
and
strikes
National
No.
Kingston,
the
as
5 of
Canadian
Ont.;
National Labour Supply Council, on April 17, 1941--available mimeographed through University of Michigan Bureau of Industrial Relations.
See also the Queen's Bureau's report of its Industrial Relations conference of April 10-12, 1940, at which Professor Mackintosh's address
foreshadowed
most
features
of P.c.
7HUO.
~?6-
they were
in 1926-29
qualifications
new
official
fact
will
rates.
(3)
bonus
cost
cents
an
5 per
cent;
nearly
all
the
half
or
wage
and
their
means
per hour
this
more
of
living
war
increased
would
revision
5-iii)
cost
as
were
increased
affects
is
placed,
much
over
not
favorably
in
Canada
incentive
payments,
poorer
wage
of
as
the
50
the
ceiling
to
ones,
rates
course,
elsewhere,
fuller
the
making
protect
real
in
follows:
approximately
in
all
in 1941
somewhat
earners
decrease
"The
for
(5% of 50¢)
some
wage
increases
Early
ran
ied
that
of all wages;
against
wage
of
an hour
(No
of
cent,
seaea
bear
use
worker
some
If and as the
5 per
upward
clause
of 2 1/2
(with
or per week uniform
(Sec.
last
(2)
as
raising
Canadian
sacrifice.
the
the
much
for
percentage
of
should
as
ground
life."
their
earners
war
as
of
to be normal
unimportant).
rises
protect
an increase
better-paid
as
on
by
employment,
overtime.)
This
being
or
less;
thus
earnings--which
such
to
necessaries
hour
of
equal
amount
calculated
1939
costs
adequate
for
interpretation
August
part
living
be
But not
of basic
official
and
of
general
and
are presumed
are practically
should be a flat
workers
In
which
sini
in
(or higher)
the
increases
policy
new
of
encountered
wave
10
of
cents
many
wage-rate
anjhour
or
serious
advances
more
difficulties,
in
soon
the
United
became
not
the
least
States--where
commonplace.
ithe chief Canadian CIO organ, Ihe Canadian Unionist, in its April
1941 issue gives the minority report (favoring the union side) of the
Conciliation Board in the Peck steel dispute at Montreal, which was
perhaps the first practical application of the new wage policy.
The
OT
Another problem arose from the
ad-hoc
Conciliation
by mere
would
part-time
seem
that
tion
of
a top
that
is
capable
the
Seno
ibility
in
reminder
Boards,
work
board,
and
of
the
national
stands,
however,
Canadian
maintained during
a disagreeable
antidote
and
deserves
and
cacenelees
people
that
war,
and
the
high
generally,
staff.
real
It
continuous
atten-
representation,
prestige.
likely
wages
control
to the poisons
his
of the
Even
opportunities for
seems
all
that
and
employer
are heny
actions
bargainers
Labor
maintaining
and
a major
of
labor
there
administration;
collective
policy
dontadnicie
ciate
the
of
to co-ordinate
Minister
wage
of
to
attempt
to
of inflation
Pa aes
stand as
cannot
of money
as
be
a
fully
wages
is
but
and bureaucratic
rationing.
In
enced,
C.
CURRENT TRENDS IN AMERICAN WAGE AND LABOR POLICY!
the
above
we
could
pause
facts.
As
present
emergency
we
may
cannot
we now
in
the
however,
split
in
to
of
this
the
to
in the
Suggest
relative
by
of
was
in
some
States,
on
policies
we suffer
first
the
P.C.
7440?
already
and
the
timing
the
general
was
experi-
Reconeid sued:
suitable
and
question:
in this plant
Order
wartimes
details
proportions
considering
board
sense
policy
concrete
United
minimum wage rate of 1926-29
reasonable"
labor
inspect
attempt
foresee
proceed,
primary
survey
to
the
handicap that
of
events.
We
differences
the
(30.7¢ per hour)
basic
"fair and
lon this topic see especially recent publications of Sumner H.
Slichter, e.g. Economic Factors Affecting Industrial Relations Policy
in National Defense (New York: Industrial Relations Counselors, 1941).
~28-.
between
the
nation,
as
_ Chief
peace
policies can
A
Although
were
War
in
for
Differences
rest
of
with
NR
ee
1914-18,
which
development
the
emergency,
be
naiieieniveds
Present
am
over-all
similar
crises.
policy,
slacks,
between
the
other
labor
industrial
policies
those
emergency-and-post-emergency
compared
objectives
remaining
1.
present
for
some
all
and
pictures
nations
major
of
into
that
war
living
was
less
affected
by new. taxation
belligerent
nations;
and
the
drawn
had
into
tended,
living
duction
lfor
in
all
and wages
different
vast
national
from
of
much
ships,
in
Two
other
great
the
year
1916,
forces.
faster.t
we
public
faced
in
1916.
differences
are
e.g.,
the
British
by
the
and
living
these
and
of
been
factors
cost
trends
very
are
of
of pro-
calling
forth
taxes.
obvious:
index
had
in
both
expansion
loans,
of
two
Our
also
among
costs
see
goods,
World
own cost
advance
rapid
un-
American
Americans
and other defense
sendin
to
which
labor
labor supply
contrast,
countries,
In 1941
were
by
and
Until
our
up
Others.
countries
of our
By
and
affected
than
own
industrial
prices,
example,
our
taking
of agencies
apparent.
for
in
formulate our
and
Emergency
little
war-waging
planes,
increases
but
fighting
the
those
1917,
can
wage
among
entry
peadiiy
in
include:
seriously
within this
early
will
wages,
differences
are
we
creation
years
period
Then
of
American
outlook
living
in reserve
costs
of
averaged
about 145, and of wage rates 115-120; while American indexes of both
living costs and wage rates were in the neighborhood
of 107 (1914=100).
=29supply,
on
other.
The
United
sides
in 1917
force
almost
fully
sales
of
supplies
raise
armed
still
not
than
of
have
planning
to
And what
emergency"?
(and
of
Some
in
the
for
this
of
old-time
of
seem
still
more
Who can
as
mean
say
the
war
and
to
present
did
already
not
net
post-
prices
restoration
deflationary
depression.
conflict
unemployment
more
effectively
great
Undoubtedly
few
wars.
means
be
will
beaten
(as
is
governments
years
result
conflict
the
this
by
will
are
that
national. currencies;
the
for
inflated
follow
may be expected
of
Now
we
from
will
on
striking.
moment
to
in 1917-18.
" planning
great
emerge
financing
the
the
totalitarian
if any,
what
does
machine-guns
to
at
our
quickly
contrast,
The
and
has
of
proceeded
very
as we
another
previous
appropriate
we
our labor
effects
is
current
it
apt
values
boom
these
both
I with
1941
reserve;
combatting
deficit
regarding
habit
Thus,
gold
med
1917
in
nations,
many
the
from
War
several ,millions.
present
of
of
nevertheless
of our
democratic
and
account
so many men
are
Few attempts,
restore
ition.
most
close
purpose,
shovels.
the
least,
was
of
World
labor
import
necessarily
capable
combinations
entered
Europe;
arm nearly
governments
at
We
on
unemployed
at
squeezed
positions
is the
peoples,
tightly
aggregating
less)
will
done
to
Although
wages
peace
occupied,
our
an
more
in 1940-41.
forces
scores,
both
we
war
was
States
the
on
personnel,
armed
for
demand
in
and
hand,
one
labor
of
be
under
varying
employed
into
after
and
than
WPA
1918)
the
present
indulgently
war-to-peace
to
may
trans-
be?
followed
by
a state
of
at
least
-30-
may
attain
again
not
proportions
the
it
and setae
employment
of
the
post-war
by
artifices
for spreading
and
making
be
favorable
to
a good deal
though
Even
be
may
achieved),
sufficiency
for
another
of
our
own
numerous
industries
totalitarian
countries,
down-trodden
labor.
advantages
of
production
advantages
of
labor,
very
serious
examples.
times,
imize
or
a
there
the
is
which
to
plights
Despite
obviously
all
the
our
of
such
is
and
climate,
additions
industries--the
progressive
price-wage
spiral
Emphasis
Reversals
of
sustained
rearmament
Now
the
from
imports
forced
strangulation
of
international
by
already
between
reason
for
involves
growers
and
this
trying
eloquent
sii
other
stoutly
to
warmin-
emergency.
present
as
regional
exporting
undermining
cotton
and
to
It sees
resources.
other
has
according
and
social
the
of
loss
a growing
specialized
Needed,
program,
from
less
differences
in
self-
or
factors
nevertheless ample
inter-
on
more
means
wheat
Caf
demands
with
against
protection
new
allegedly
produced
The
suggested
thus
commerce
for
to
country's
each
familiar
are
we
Already
war.
apt
is
result
however,
increasing
toward
accomplished
restrictions
further
by
offset
in part
directed
trade,
national
considerably
is
gain,
This
productivity.
national
and 1949.
1920
net
the
work,
unemployment
obvious
and
complete
1918.
on the map after
which were
materializes,
probability
this
of
control
governmental
more
much
life than did the nations
economic
If
exercise
will
exist
then
which
dependencies
nations and
the
that
likely
appears
it
peace,
relative
to
many
Labor
boom
Standards.
effects,
A war,
especially
5s
on
to
has
contrast
The
1930's.
the
of
most
not
how
realized
widely
expressed
succinctly
been
such
far
suitable
those
to
contrary
policies
labor
public
for
call
conditions
is
It
employment.
national
total
thus:
industrial
» The national
a
of wartime,
problems
once initial difficulties of transition are overcome, are
in many respects the reverse of those of a peace-time deThe problem is not to find employment for labor,
pression.
It is not
but to find labor to perform needed services.
to stimulate a more rapid flow of money, but to restrain
Consequently, all policies dethe forces of inflation.
signed to make work or spread work among a larger number
push incomes above
of individuals than are needed, or to
competitive
in
Whereas
wage
we
to
appeal
must
the
brake
must be reversed."
labor
to
train
tended
fices
Such
must
lo.
also
sacrifices
the
0. Hardy,
be
power
all
of
not,
indeed,
defense
Wartime
to
opportunities
required
were
program.
Control
and
supplies,
labor
their
job
safeguard
to
itiating
of
use
full
forego
our
ration
and
or
armament
the
and
rates,
wage
basic
to
employers
sustain
war
boom
to
thus
For achieving full military strength we
brake the upward spiral.©
must
down
hold
to
in
spiral,
downward
to
appealed
properly
we
depression
to
rates
levels,
strike
of
other
During
that
of Prices,
members.
members
required
p.
while
period
76.
their
of
and
their
labor
ask
of
the
organizations
rules
in-
Large
sacri-
community.
our
nation
we
could
(Brookings,
was
have
Sept.
inboth
1940)
“Total payrolls, and hourly earned rates and weekly and family earnings, however, are quite properly boosted, by such means as fuller
employment, night, holiday, and other overtime, intensive training
to increase skills, and profit and living-cost bonuses.
~42-
our
depression
2.
The
Chief
labor
needadeteneneded
the
burden.
if
possible
in
wartime --though
apt
to
be
trial
Public
unwisely
of
scarce
slack,
as
very
much
essentials
and
great
remains
but
is
wage
such
paragraph
be
such
a manner
done
least
earners
unlike
in pare,
pvindin16"-niesstheeeiext
ground
direction
taken
pitas
war
up
as
bread
fast
and
and wntil
ra-
JIndus-
and
of
in
too
policy.
members
unless
even
are
services
of
and
maintain,
in
this
of
sharing
emitted
universal
nor
ee
as
poorest
subsidies
be
to
made
to
attempt
equitable
social
ea ieeeh
sacrifice
is,
general
the
other
should
wage
war
The preceding
at
ss
are
of
virtually
crease
makes
to
and
should be asked to make
burden
emergen-
war
and more
today,
efforts
onmuntced
community
of
present
tolerably
with
unemployment,
neither
our
in
resources
assistance
curtailed;
notably
possible;
the
Thus
the
of
part
but
consent
increase,
country.
tioning
far
to
be
Sought
defense,
in
common
By
is
not
1930's.
be
national
mobilize
and
to
policy
the
every
of the
Objectives
Wartime
discover
emergency
super-
merely
could
of Britain
like that
increasingly
si pdeneis
wanted
piemeaenen:
peacetime
normal
upon
imposed
they
production
naval
and
military
the
that
realized
most Americans
mid-1941
But by
and butter.”
Caan
as
the |
the
in-
necessary.
an application
is modified
of
"the
by war's
living
onset
only in that, if war continues on a sufficient scale, it may degrade
a rich
which
into
the
a poor
country
nation
can
and thus
guarantee
as
lower
the standard
a minimum.
of
“living
wage"
~44-
As
to
relative
tries and
of
regions),
peacetime
ments
as
changes
wages,
wage
they
the
or
differentials
factors
which
determination
are
multiplied
should supplement
are
supply
skill
needful
(and
commonplaces
valuable
and speeded
the
for
up
in
in
hinte
compulsory
wage
Such
labor
indus-
discussions
for
wartime.
among
adjust-
wage
mobilization
measures
to effect
, as rapidly as possible the many shifts among ocecb
and
and
localities
time-consuming
time;
the
and
order,
to
As
show
wage
avoid
to
physical
glaring
output
per
for wage-fixing.
time
the
normally
ly
can be,
ea ett
futile
sible
the
in output
before
the
for
(in the earlier
premiums
can
assume
job
sie
of
the
much
be
much
their
in
procedures
arguments
of
than
careful
peace-
responsibility
relative
and
Less
made
Diacbens
profits,
lose
faster
the
are
for
in
wages.
emphasized
over-all
by Keynes
rates
peacetime
living-cost
(all
behind
of
wage
recruit
during
index
of
significance
because
industries
is
to maintain
of
and all oc-
a strenuous
unemployment
fully
rising
to
the
War effort,
demanding
necessary
lag
slack
attempt
stages),
ae
per Soa ian
must
and inflationary.
grounds
prices,
man-hour
considered),
Even
Rapid
adjustments,
war,
advances
effort.
should
requires.
The index of all hourly wage rates, which in peace-
upward trend
eae
wages
irrationalities
wage
in a major
efficiency
among
agencies
structure.
general
that,
ai
comparisons
governmental
wartime
that
taken
defense
up
real wage
as
thorough-
eit
becomes
to be sure, supplies many plau-
rate
living
labor
increases,
costs
such
as
(in later
supplies
for
rising
stages),
many
profits
and
defense
- 5)-
Operations.
But
unnecessary
degree
next
post-war
wage
rates
against
the
trols
since
an
general
World
War
extent
the
The
last
governmental
war
industries
do
not
wants.
To
too
inefficient
as
war
effort
What
part
should
what
sorts
questions,
enough
would
to
lie
prospective
be
of
show
and
of
taxes
and
by
to
of
leads
to
on
"sticky"
an
the
severe
because
or rigid
should
and
be
what
Mr.
symbolizes
to
part
used?
The
becomes
by
war
first
of
consumer
and
needful,
downward
The
the
to
What
loans?
of
easiest.
rationing.
that
from be-
diverted?
the
consumers,
see
administering
spending
so
con-
Henderson's
too,
it
be
rate
rent
bureaucracies
what
is
impeded,
and
those
individual
all-out
to
upon
however,
difficult,
incomes
of
be
organizations
regulative
adjust
can
price
Supply,
encroach
the
or
inflation
title
private
beyond
inflation
money
the
and
should
sufficiently
price-wage
of
incomes
loans
of
Civilian
taxation,
approximately
flow
especially
governmental
burdensome,
consumer
diverted
though
it
handicap
much more
and
prevent
develops,
amounts
by
unnecessarily
coming
the
whose
be
progress
half
Administration
of
other
may
become
protected,
obligation
our
inflation,
I have
the
to
is restrained,
revisions.
public
Price
movement
readjustments
rationing.
of
this
price-wage
important
and
office
of
economic
downward
To
and
unless
And
these
As
the
spending
total
portion
of
of
the
-45-
such
flow
diverted
difference
supplies
income
between
and
by
existing
services
which,
if
existing
diverted,
of
Sion
can
be
accomplished
currents
of
social
groups;
Nearly
or the boss's
everyone,
contribution
he
of
us
shall
taken
will
buy.
current
incomes
to
make
it
be
taxed
.
compulsory
as
Say:
But
on
if.
war
is
value
the
the
taxes depends
in
ne,
certain
part
power
points
this
choose
to
upon
among
tax
The
of
amount
government
of
many
than
people
goods,
any
along
would
as
choose
the
methods
lines
how
to
eevee
wage earner
of
to
war
suggested
have
a tax;
individual decide
inflationary
loans,
current
eeenuee
the
estimated.
How ninichs of this
rather
the
consumer
for
the
be
"borrowing."
course,
too
also
_
all
of
money
neces-
diver-
variable
uédehoeus
or
that
reduces
efficiency.
a loan
Let
difficult
through
of
the
and
beyond
can
and
relieve
new
psychology
though
by
of
by
rates,
yields
will
inflationary methods
the worker's
any
tax
required
sity
pressure
tax
inevitable
and at first
much
spend
price
lend--each
finance.©
by
his
Keynes
war
too
thought
loan,
much
if
of
advances
then
tends
A program
and
any,
their
tend
to
of
the 1941-2
loertain types of extremely high taxes on profits, for example, tend
to encourage lavish expenditures by employers for advertising and for
labor bonuses, as well as carelessness about costs in general; and to
favor passive as compared with active or venture investments.
Lowpaid workers may be made still less vigorous by fresh burdens of war
taxes.
@One very probable result of an increasing flow of consumer incomes,
not immediately and fully offset by higher prices, taxes, and war
loans, is a rapid advance of installment buying, which expansion of
installment credit may become inflationary in effect.
More or less
in keeping
with
Fisher's
"debt-deflation
theory
of business
depressions"
SG
British
budget,
is surely
supplementing,
fit
of
of
course,
widely-diffused
rigorous
holdings
consumer
spending
power
from
to
economy.
and
war
peace
methods
economic
4.
can
be
thus
oriented
production--not
Taking
up
apt
and
extent
of
changes
changes
in
annual
to
to
believed
confuse
that
maintained
the
unduly
thought.
True,
the
(i.e.
cost
goods
real
of
part
toward
latter
class
relief
A
inflation.
chief
is
of
bene-
cushion
of
transition
others,
means
social
the
subsequent
many
loans--
voluntary
of
too,
the
and
than
war
policies
developing
employment--after
the
optimum
war.
Slacks
to standards
problems.
in
real
real
One
wage
income
is
rates
per
war
during wartime
concerned
with
the
per
the
other
hour;
family.
standards
the
of living
in
It
both
is
still
these
emergency,
mainly
direction
refers
rather
senses
by
we
can
widely
be
putting
work.
optimistic
man-hours
bought
earnings
defense
for
in
despite
to
loans,
way
advanced
unemployed
war
this
living
or
taxation.
In
American
How
but
two
consumers
war
provided
When we ask what happens
are
of
merely
Industrial
most
adequate program
an
is
feasible,
if
better,
Still
better for
this
worked
and
by
wage
earners
per
hour
could
preparations
cannot
view
bear
the
were
whole
be
is,
is
revealed
by
payrolls
are
could
increased
be
maintained),
rising
only
borne
by
non-wage
cost
is
indicated
a moment's
to
heights;
correspondingly
if
earners.
by
new
the
the
whole
That
fact
the
that
we may say that American experience in 1930-31 shows that, even if wage
rates are not deflated, prices may be; whereupon deflation of debts incurred during the high-price era has a very inhibiting effect on economic
activity.
-47-
it
received
as
among
the
non-wage
earners
we
far
as
wage
the
earners
future
annual
wartime
to
incomes
obtain
many
a great
of
expenses
of
the
in money
and
in
considerable
reduction
in
income
such
family,
will
families,
more
more
hours
increase
But
will
than
families,
not
The
on
usual,
not
of
of
war
goods
the
the
increase
those
the
so
loans,
at
real
some
hourly
employed
others,
enough
incomes
will
if
real
engaged
in
will
wage
at
in
work
advance
will
family,
the
more
year,
than
escape
in
rates;
the
in
it
dehave
work,
doubtless
they
hand,
their
rising
well-paid
money
other
average,
previously
families
secure
on
at
persons
their
these
population.
income,
per
families
overtime
for
will
whole
form
for
through
taxes.
the
in
exchanged
their
Thus,
families
made
emergency--particularly
more
members
hour--although,
were
worker
men
opportunities
many
minority
decline
and
employment.
other
living
The
employment
moreover,
the
are
bonds
real
Many
during
per
work.
annual
different.
incomes
no
incomes
wage
real
their
suffered
industries.
fuller
and
as
such
after
their
case
rather
-fense
have
for
The
upon
might,
time,
earnings
is
levies
of
cutting
some
be
must
there
that
huge
so
are
eater)
lease-lend
(including
require
now
power
naval
and
military
the
necessary for
services
and
commodities
the
purchase
to
needed
sums
The
persons.
self-employed
other
and
people,
professional
properties,
small
of
owners
keepers,
shop
comes--farmers,
in-
modest
of
recipients
of
millions
are
Furthermore,
employees.
by
salaries
and
wages
is
thirds
two-
other
the
income;
national
whole
the
of
one-third
only
receives
their
be
a
an
actual
to
cover
-38-
living
higher
ration
can.
in
peacetime;
example)
to
sumer
goods,
such
means
wartime
we
cannot
the
industrial
submit
must
and
them,
afford
"slacks"
luxuries,
even
or
wastes,
con-
of
simplification
and
standardization
in
discussed
and
rules
union
labor
week;
re-employ-
namely:
section,
present
the
im-
outstanding
of
are
which
slacks
or
resources
work
basic
the
ment;
be
will
all
tt
cainane
as
potential
Four
no
increasing
(for
portance
in
but
to
deterio-
such
minimize
way
all
by
are
slacks
These
we
up
is to take
standards
of living
only
The
taxes.
and
costs
labor
and
practices;
disputes.
(a)
an
of
president
Men.--The
Idle
of
Re-employment
important
firm told the National Association of Manufacturers' Congress (in
December
who
unemployed
about
complain
for
facilities
ployment
and
training
for
United
matical
is
in wartime.
among
the
below
to
possible
at
States
is
placement
and
up
taking
the
any
minimum
A few
Many
surface
estimate
time
of
the
very
only
amount
the
labor
facilities
do,
indeed,
below
peacetime
complications
this
set
of
total
roughly;
which
it
of
un-
unem-
however,
as
problems.
unemployment
and
still
cannot
be
indicate
illustrative
figures
will
some
reasons
therefor,
statisticians,
offer
of
slack
appear,
or
and wartime
for
great
worry
should
we
demands
Wartime
week".
a 40-hour
of
of the millions
that
see
cannot
Il
work,
to
underemployment.
scratches
It
ments
able
opportunities
usual
one
are
those
to work
we put back
"Until
1940):
in
more
the
proble-
reduced,
the
and the
even
disagreegeneral
-49-
estimated
was
ment
cases):
all
in
mal
the
CIO,
the
to
understand
of
all
public
~“glose
to
the
5-million
more,
it
was
reported
perts
in
the
government's
plans
based
5 1/2
to 4 million,
upon
toe
1/2
could
be
How
by
taken
study
of
Bureau
and
showed
that,
1See
No.
press
newsletter
that
the
of
ex-
labor
making
then
only
must be deducted
said)
only
of labor
turnover,
leaving
unemployment
which
practically
"float"
slack
was
further-
were
Management
(it was
figure
U.
S.
during
release
series
materials
such
Bureau
Labor
the
series
of
last week
P-4
of
(dated April
as
those
in March
Employment and Payrolls reports of
analyses of current employment and
Economic Record.
25,
put
Statistica?
Bureau
be
disagreements
violent
apparently
these
relevant
5 of this
1941,
unemployment
so
up.
can
the
the
June
total
that
from which
as
In
Production
of
Office
belief
the
million
far
a Washington
in
active
remained
has
nation
the
months.
many
for
as the minimum
1 1/2 million
a
mark
in
offices
employment
files
difficult
the
in
people
of
1b
makes
registered
snsbcacctl
of
total
the
why
which
payrolls;
public
and
private
various
on
had
estimates
totals
mounting
of
reason
by
Con-
7.6 million;
monthly
other
and
These
of L,
AF
million;
9.1
deci-
(nearest
indicated
organizations
the
declining
rapidly
rather
been
by
million.
5.4
Board,
ference
thus
unemploy-
total
1941
April
In
resource.
potential
this
of
magnitude
of
1941);
1940,
the
out
by
Our
about
Census,
reconciled,
the
latest
Census
census
8 million
especially
and the monthly
the BLS.
Cf. Conference Board's
unemployment in its periodical,
— -40-
Americans
fitted within
ployment."
said
This
they
the
same
were
time
total
were
WPA,
million
students
on
CCC,
then
For
the
the
that
AF
all
of
these
stantially
How
of
agricultural
level
were
S.
too
the
benchmark can
37,617,000
Bureau
for
total
of
latter
be
37,222,000
This
non-agricultural
figure
from
the
to
8;
5.miliion:)
(and
It
11.6
now
statisticians
illustrated
by
the
announced that
in March
was
said
employment
1941
sub-
to be
April
was
was
found
later
following
total
(not
1941
taken,
includ-
total
1929
the
of
by
the BLS
34,852,000.
by
non-
"the highest
in September
census
52,841,000
million;
appears
misused) for
reached
the
was
employables.+
(and the Bureau's
the month
regarded
most
of
used
high
are
9.3.
Statistics
forces).
previous
1940,
number
a half -
these
unemployment
because
at
projects--
(Nearly
almost
Board,
households
work
if
rises
roughly
Labor
reached
the
For March
this
of
be
this month"
"exceeded
147,000").
may
NYA;
of "unem-
million who
programs.
of total
total
2.9
emergency
aided.by
mainly
whose
about
apaae
estimate
the
million
and
Conference
high,
NYA or armed
on record
ducting
of
Census
being
estimate
employment
CCC,
comparable
CIO
10.3;
U.
work,
of
Census
the
unemployment
The
ing WPA,
also
over-estimated
this
estimates
items:
L,
5.1
and NYA out-of-school
as unemployed,
of
seeking
payrolls
were
1940
set of specifications
included some
actively
chiefly
March
a reasonable
same
De-
census
iMany estimates of unemployment, too, are inflated because some types
of employment--particularly in new and rapidly-developing service industries--are not adequately measured statistically. 3
|
|
hie
as our total
million.
timate
until
This
of
8 million
soldiers
appears
to
prietors,
safe
"labor
we
and
in
has
were
BLS
eRe ee eT
been
counted
have
Rr ene
the
March
on
the
in
persons,
it
And
pro-
is a
even
industrial
cannot
safely
many
agriculture
pigaaiia
census
1940 non-agricultural
reduced--for
in
not
employment"
1930
unemployed.
we
farms --
employers
of agriculture,
increase
es-
includes
“professional
1940,
employed
an
of
18
census
active
Since
mR
nor
correspondingly
reached
NN
outside
employees
since
the
million
Sieo" en
of the March
measure
as
Fe
7 millions
neither
to
but
by
employed
52.8
employees.
and officials"
best
of
of about
“total non-agricultural
civilian
nearly
for
million
force"
uniforms
the
personnel
unemployment
eee
"labor
several millions
our
military
many
9.7
only
were
done
involved
plus
found
that
force”
have
unemployed
the
managers,
guess
accounted
ace tania
occupations
at a remainder
just
that
include
we arrive
seems
and others
seh eret
of
remainder
we notice
only
and
"labor force",
in
age since
employment
assume
of
the
March
the
after
1940
census
people
and
was
taken.
Other
difficulties
include
the
obvious
traits,
and
geourapiia
tically
defined.
on
the
or
season.
minimum
seasonal
in this
variations
practicable
Britain,
unemployment
in
locations
A fuller
Great
field
as
age,
of
inquiry,
amount
which
the
of "social-economic
of
has
United
planning"
health,
skili,
personality
unemployed
people
as
too,
go
would
unemployment
into
in
statis-
the
each
never
been
as
States
(or,
perhaps,
much
evidence
month
plagued
by
that
most
by
ko.
other
types),
million--and
spite
her
loose
war
employment
and
to
all
are
the
that
has
has
wrong
managed
any
if
than
one-third
of
the
literally
who
were
As
and
reduce
the
a half-
ours.
And,
totalitarian
provided
de-
regimes,
continuous
considered
emphasized
industrial
places
to
below
much
employable.
quick
not
none
their people
demands
in
less
effort,
politically
emergency
unemployed
ns
peak
full
defense
population
of
war
people
I believe
at
nomically
present
claims,
even
the
the
unemployed
totally
of
number
during
both
above,
ecoa real
shifts;
and
many
occupations
for
immediate
of
the
utilization.
The
upshot
of
the
Ameriean
unemployment
than
best-known
the
work-relief
the
war
NYA
and CCC
are
being
tin May
than in
lease
occur
which
rolls
trained
can
estamates
programs
emergency;
foregoing
have
for
for
this
July 2,
longer
work
year,
1941)
is
in
that
practically
be
taken
unemployment
already
of
remarked:
line
been,
with
to
hundreds
primarily
defense
1941, total unemployment
the previous month.
The
(of
is
of
instance
are no
paragraphs
have
some
of
the
up
is
of
much
suggested.
extent,
thousands
work-relief
significance.
slack
Our
geared
of
boys
less
into
now
"clients"
on
but
Considerable
compensation payments were higher
Social Security Board's press re-
"This
the
increase,
belief
of
many
the first
observers
to
that
benefit payments will not fali substantially below the present reduced level, even though employment is on the increase.
Labor turnover, temporary shutdowns due to scarcity of materials or equipment,
and a number of other factors will, it is said, result in a continued
volume
of short-term
unemployment
for
large
numbers
of workers."
In
the Detroit area, for example, now characterby
ize
d
many
labor shortages, automobile workers are seriously worried about the unemployment.
which may result from the curtailment of car production (of 40% or
more) necessitated by the defense program.
wl 5
mobilize
they
in
can
secure
(b)
Hours
jobs.
real
slack
industrial
be
and
business
wartime
governmental
the
40-hour
week
is
limit
the
up?
An
outstanding
tial
to
wartime
puts
upon
war
increase
with
a work-day
organizations,
normal
whole
much
more
longer
unemployed
requisité
when
point
secure
the
six
(say,
more
and
eight
of
some
are
experience.
At
shifts,
if
and
seven-day
take
working
hours
is
essen-
of
the
at
least
weeks,
less,
can
be
the
accelerated
people
already-employed
hand
this
is
must
and
so
be
most
In
after
securing and
by
near
premium which
production.
or
hours
than
a week)
days
to
output
employed,
working
slack
of
sorts
many
these
people--even
skills
is
force
working
y
effectivelby
hours
of
speedy
where
industries,
immense
the
is
effieiency
industrial
of
flexibility
why
reason
facil-
plant
no
is
there
which
beyond
hours
weekly
of
and
workers
in war
hours
weekly
longer
for
available
are
ities
management.
If
a slack?
itself
a
by
up
taken
considerably
can
have
we
time
lost
wind Ube
which
intelligent
Is
and
lay-offs
to
due
that
doubt
is no
and Men.--There
for Machines
of Work
under-employment
peacetime
that
so
transportation
and
training
by
people
jobless
efforts
their
redouble
should
agencies
work-relief
the
and
ability
to
grave,
more
becomes
emp loy-
of
standards
their
lower
must
employers
emergency
war
the
as
and
needful,
doubtless
is
co-ordination
further
breaking
have
up
to
worked
in
the
the
to
maximum production.
American
legal
labor
standards,
unlike
the French 40-hour week
hha
of
1936-38
long
(for
hours
hours
of
that
lations,
rely
example),
work
plants
as well
on
the
penalty
this
of
work,
hours
of
work
out
work-week
would
Slowed
down
for
present
and
labor
ensue
from making
To
these
war's
close,
pressure
might
not
toward
be
as
part
on
our
and public
controlling
of
the
state
regu-
contracts
working
six
be
compensable
the war
and
labor
in
hours
It
nd
is
acts,
hours
by
usually
doubtful
present
legal
standards
would
at
the
present
time,
or
rate
some
are
of
reduced
of
the
were
this
unemployed
52
rapidly;
hours'
might
profits
would
as
plants
operation.
of
weakening
up,
one
and
that,
even
by
high
overtime
how
much
effect
have
time
less
accidents
important
roll
the
requires
and
If
no doubt
rise
would
costs
exerted
the
the
straight
cost
consequences
might
wartime?
of
week;
the
flexibility
absorption
seven-day
of
on
at
fatiguesand
overhead
or
in
emergency,
a week
added
unemployment
adequate
incomes,
the basic
dubious
restored.
and
common
many
to
should
short
prohibitions
restrictions
most
provide
excessive
48 hours
great
are
work
cases
somewhat
regulations
of
costs
more
five-day
hours
idea
Certainly
especially
from
the
wage-hour
48 during
hours'
few
For
regulation
which
somewhat.
a very
taken
week
become
In
are
of
(say)
48
absolute
rates.
of
pay.
raised,
new
few
virtuallno
y
federal
method
to
and
but
operated.
the
wage
per
stretched
be
be
comparatively
hours
at
men,
may
as
overtime
Does
for
contain
on
the
production
rate
of
the
at
the
then
the
wage
a
of
war
present
rates
suspension
reemployment
goods
(since
ht
to
haggle
that
over
the
rates
Laws
and
public
dards
pay
and
promote
both
their
workers
days
and
course
government
Do
been
put
Ivonthly
have
goods
in
in
the
these
statistics
50 percent
in
the
cases
pay.
these
of
was
number
of
firms
stan-
straight
week
or
in
time,
excess
either
seasonal
for
for
indi-
employments;
selling
goods
to
the
indeed.
laws
inflate
less
"average
increases,
e.g.,
42.0,
any
federal
flexibility
for
higher
in
government
an hour
in
wages"
the
cents
hours
slump.t
Act,
than
40
wage
Walsh-Healy
to
or
become
1941,
still
goods
40
overtime
"prevailing
The
doubt
a post-war
set
week
large
of
disposition
little
penalty
event
is no wage
the
can
concerning
Several grounds
progressive
In March
be
there
selling
of
40-hour
wage-hour
forward;
manufactures
less
Here
very
But
overtime
excess
wartime
little
in many
firms
not
conditions?
shown
mid-1940.
within
becomes
all
emergency
and
in any day.
vidual
of
agencies
most
time-and-a-half
of 8 hours
week with
straight
requires
prices).
regulations
and
commonly have
goods
war
work-sharing
public
purchases
for
and
40-hour
other
instance,
to
costs
legal
would
of
buyers
government
the
and
few industries, such as machine
aircraft (45.2).
Average labor
wages
for
worked
especially
over-all
higher
tools
costs
prices,
a negative
convincing
hours
the
and
as
time
war
average
averages
(51.9),
in such
answer
per week"
in
were
under
rolls
have
on.
in general
industries,
for
durable-
found
war-
since
in not
engines (46.0), and
industries, even if
wage rates remain constant, are advanced more than 50% of the excess
of the average hours worked above 40, for many workers are being
paid double time for holiday and other extreme overtime, and many
more are paid premium rates for working unpopular shifts.
a
WB
United
and
quickly
comes),
States,
Another
benefit
so
supplies
increased
mainly
of
by
strongly
(to
the
for
situation
matically
as
mains
when
some
we
workers
hour,
force
notice
(for
had
last
that
the
average
risen
by April
a significant
alty
overtime
strongly
papers
Labor
full
"more
ing
any
and
affected
month
Such
of
reports
announced
workers
since
more
were
April
than
gain
hourly
since
of
such
dat that time the U. S. national
above their (slightly depressed)
is
will
one
earnings
and
will
U.
per
remember
of
decline
pen-
somewhat,
rates
1940.
reand
cents
wage
alone
increases
auto-
factory
application
the
month
(factory) wage
of
must
of
in the
proposition;
we
part
press
There
cents,
by wage-rate
these
rare.
1/2
to
full
not
output
63
rates
gains,
will
some
due
the
thus,
straight-time
in
affected
800,000
(1
in-
rates;
latter
was
latter
that,
they
of
hourly
earned
the
19373
of
enormously
allowed
become
this
nearly
Nevertheless
to rise
unit
mid-1939
to
this
of
rate
in
1941
of
slacken.
Statistics
1941),
part
rates.
tended
are
which
per
be
consumer
are
rates,
overtime
clause
still
in
work.
straight-time
work
the
example),
operations
to
to
wage
costs
in
that
as
labor
can
If workers
or
argument that,
increasing
unemployed
base
occasions
goods
with
overtime
of
post-emergency
pace
(or was):
penalty
above--the
consumer
the
is
advance
fall
of
keep
putting
argument
all
considered
have
‘The union
S.
Bureau
(March
increases
averaged
earners."
to
of
April
than
9.6
dur-
percent
A little
living-cost indexes were only 2-1/2%
positions in Aug. 1959; and the
ht
the
already been
i
One ground has
sisipas
later
rise
the
of
railway
40
unions
although
important
elements
spreading
work
lowering
for
the
An
the
would
be
those
whose
would be
We
wage
rates
to
urgent
earners;
and
also
some
taxes
all-commodities
on
for
(say,
would
a general
had
for
certain
depressed)
living
level
are
wage
of
these
without
be
pound
be
workers
whose
net
advanced
the
of
both
or both,
policy.
earned
law)
(because
straight-time
anne
taxes.
offset
by
index
1949.
of
The
British
postal-saving
was
In
some
10%
various
rents--had
and
defense
rates
and
they
risen
overtime
bonds
plan
to
wage
whereby
credits,
above
defense
more.
its
(dis-
centers,
lthe various combinations of legal requirements an
d voluntary agreements governing railway wages, however, in general permit week
s of
longer
than
40
hours
before
penalty
overtime
rates
apply.
or
contrast
mainly by
affected
legal
penalty
social
would
the
agreements).
new
costs--notably
of
however,
been
pushing
Aug.
of
reinforce
Relaxation
hours
several
means
significantly
immediately
price
effective
probably
between
they
contains
to time-and-a-quarter)
action,
rising tide
wholesale
does
eee
appear
incomes
an
permitting
such
reason
it
is
work.
would not be
this
an
sure,
for
situation
at
still held up by union
in
and
now
rate
(because
earnings
tinctly
by
immediately
lowered
just
duration,
obstacle
have
new
demand
wage-hour
depression,
forces
emergency's
would
present
flexibility,
during
overtime
important
be
of
requirements,
which
to
our
inflationary
wage-hour
their
percent.+
Thus,
other
initiated
-48-
available
to
seriously
considered.
also
the
excellent
tributions.
for
present
moted,
or
or
the
trustee,
contract
employee
of
both
is
might
his
check
present
prices,
and
on
of
and
employment
efforts
also
lgee,
be
a
e.g.,
Industries;
(New York),
in
J.
his
support
to
to
both
earlier,
in
in
receive
to
personal
such
to
Here
of
the
on.
2, pp.
a little
including
of
(Jan. 1941).
the
at
war
re-
slack may
rules
Compensation
of Academy
106-109
comes
be
value,
slump
during
the
amount
would
and
Proceedings
When
the
consumption
"Dismissal
Security
emergencies)
earners’
labor standards,
the
bonds.
wage
than
to
Social
bonds,
excess
pros
employee
goods
a post-war
be
the
contracts,
and
defense
contribution.
in
maintain
addition
the
tax
the
should
employer
over
national
to
Defense
that,
con-
payroll
consumer
Brown,
No.
the
run
funds.
wages
in
to
security
rapidly
long
very
problem is
Experimentation
eR
EN
TS ET
Douglas
19,
the
and Practices.--More
private
rather
be
of
and when
a Proposal,"
vol.
in
expenditures
output
if
raise
employer's
the
Work Rules
found
(or
entitled
consumer
emergency,
(c)
investment
become
to
taxes,
of
the
ciate
provide
payroll
completed
own
another
could
on
social
compensation
percentages
for
attack
of
payments.
thereof,
should
rates
required
dismissal
certain
of
1 percent--and
is
security
emergency,
higher
a good
from
benefit
social
as
in
of
types
pay
Board
now
which
with
certain
regular
are
the
line
principle:
more
scale
after
Another
benefits
too,
should
in
We
old-age
4 percent
taxpayers
and
in Defense
Political
Science
|
~49practices
of
work
concerning
and
of
payment,
will be recalled
other
war;
in
that
suspensions
contribution
also
this
of
that
cies,
be
"job
union
in
unions
is
that
peacetime
lasts,
of
labor
was
1914-18
again
and
cooperating
defense
demand
measures
less
in
needful
the
with
to
present
their
the
government
principle
many
effort.
for
It
a well-recognized
of
as
methods
together
with
lr
emphasis,
work,
efficiency.t
conditions,
a major
great
to
labor,
implicit
in
the
eligibility
of skilled
are
Here
security"
as
standards
labor
reversed
emergency
makes
trade
Canadian
above,
war
and
British
enunciated
matters
"dilution"
of
fashion.
must
such
labor
As
long
poli-
as
labor
which
it
than
usual
to trade
the
creates
unionists.
This
cussed
aspect
in
the
restrictive
if
any
they
the
into
least
wartime
United
was
provided
with
than
were
common
made
by
the
which
unions
our
craft
unions
ally-trained
labor
by
exorbitant
fees
for
Ito a large extent
labor standards is
underemployment.
recruits
mere
the
the
Although
in
public
much
1917-18,
their
old
resisting
more
"dilution"
working
of the slack
the fact and
mitigate
make-work
present
quickly
little
authorities--as
pushed
the
dis-
unions’
yet
growth--to
At
less
certain
wnion
temporary
cause
same:
time
been
for
shops.
are
has
knowledge
war
favorable
some
problems
abroad.
conditions
previously-unorganized
of
labor
States
practices
attempt
zeal
of
time
of
trained;
permits
a few
at
conventionsome
on
rules
charge
closed-shop
in public and private
fear of unemployment and
-50-
constructively
of
a better-informed
intended
utilize
to
effectively,
vices
would
private
other
be
to
labor
means,
keep
impressed
standards
promising
in
a number
of
joint
councils
might
must
be
upon
managements
restored
satisfactory
of
one
and
job
when
to
seems
British
the
well
accomplishing
of
industry,
by
plans,
more
labor
scheme
readjustments;
productive
wartime
needed
and
plants
Murray's
Such
industry
means,
and
ways
Reuther
and
Murray
support
the
President
applied
councils.
industrial
(Whitley)
signs.
successfully
principles
utilize
explore
welcome
are
automobile
and
steel
need
unionists
The
opinion.
public
however--
leaders,
other
unions--progressive
local
in
particularly
discountenance
they
do
Especially
dealing
are
leaders, however,
labor
influencing
Toward
fees.
union
exorbitant
matters.
such
with
concrete.+
ready-mixed
on
American
enlightened
Numerous
ban
their
enforce
still
carriers
hod-
Chicago
the
Apparently
method.
incentive
wage
of
sort
any
to
resistance
considerable
still
is
there
unions
many
among
and
jobs;
that
peace
security,
best
their
the
unions’
comes,
are
ser-
unless
then made
effective.
(da)
the
reader
wartime
1
The
Labor
that
boom,
remarks
Magazine's
Disputes.--No
strikes
like
on
9th
an
a peacetim@
such
Round
published July 1941)
are
extended
matters
Table
are
by
(on
argument
important
boom,
tends
Thurman
Labor
type
required
to make
and
to
and
convince
slack.
industrial
of
Arbold
Policy
illuminating.
is
them more
others
National
in
Fortune
Defense,
A
Bia
by
probably
the
same
factors
well
as
people
account
labor
disputes,
themselves
weapon.
CIO-AFL
strikes
unions
welcomed
What
of
fairly
the
is
especially
in
our
to
an
with
open
extent
of
defense
optimistic
by
arms
lost
and
a CIO
than
that
1937.
strike
rate
ran
of
national,
striker-days
1949,
higher
in
of
lend
vastly
the
earlier
versa.
disputes,
of
num-
themselves
instance,
and
Labor
national
statistics
idle
for
"raiding"--
vice
labor
the
of
national
its
or
strike
with
by
from
Over-all
interpretations;
better
control
reason
by
either
content
not
unions
the
of
a little
not
of
establish
and
exercise
expelled
local
AFL
are
weakened
industries?
record was
The
which
spells
time
strikers,
strikes,
well
also
it
locals--since
over
often
bers
and
unions
by
source
some
Act
than
to
leads
This
rivalry.
boycotts
and
elections,
Board
is
the
is
above
to
of
by
significance
greater
perhaps
And
Wagner
the
plants
unorganized
hitherto
in
short-circuit
to
in
lost
Another
campaigns;
organizing
labor
of
momentum
these
of
time
working
sabotage.
other
slow-downs, and
our
of
fraction
subver-
other
and
efforts
The
positions.
union
sizable
a
opportunity
the
grasp
for
the
is
strikes
strategic
in
elements
sive
United
the
in
operative
Communists
of
presence
the
is
One
late.
of
States
been
have
too,
factors,
special
Several
as
Europe
in
strikes
of
wars.
former
and
this
during
America,
in
waves
produced great
have
which
the
to
due
is
trouble
labor
present
our
of
part
larger
and
prices;
rising
and
demand
labor
brisk
of
reason
numerous
better
months
1940's
than
of
that
1941
of
than
-52in
corresponding
still
and
only
a
periods
small
scarcely
of
1940,
fraction
one-fourth
as
of
but
one
many
man-days
percent
as
total
lost
of
all
by
strikers
man-days
man-days
lost
are
worked,
by
industrial
accidents.
Such
able
by
optimistic
amounts
other
moves
the
plagued
expressed
INC x,
in
the
and
strikers
subversive
especially
thus
of man-days
than
of
calculations,
leaders,"
strikes
by Mr.
recent
R.
W.
quite
in
Round
disregard
lost,
on
Partly
defense
strategic
Millar,
Fortune
"I am not
efficiency
themselves.
"labor
by
however,
the
account
due
to
President
of
the
industries
places.
unmeasur-
strikes,
clever
have
This
of Vultee
been
isola
was
Aircraft,
Table:
receptive
to these
statistics
about
man-hours lost
through strikes
on percentage of the
over-all.
. . . In our contracts to make airplanes for
this and the British government, we have six hundred subcontractors, suppliers of materials, parts, equipment and
accessories.
..
. The easiest thing for unprincipled
strikers.
. . to do to gum up the works is to pick one of
those six hundred subcontracors.
Now, if they pick off
one of the six hundred, they probably are not only going
to stop
us,
getting
any public
but
a lot of other
fell swoop, and
pany, a company
4.
Toward More
There
is,
determination
To
be
which
Rational
then,
all
this
give
patriotisis
m being
can pick
probably
or any public
Wage
and
Policy
considerable
c Lasseg~ to
determination
the
various
unfairly
at the
same
a relatively obscure comhas very little chance of
hearing
still
among
effective,
measures
they
that
companies
take
must
parties
exploited.
sympathy."
Practice
industrial
slack,
up
of
as
be
expressed
little
What
much
reason
wage
it
and
as
evident
possible.
through
to
think
policies
their
conform
-54-
these
to
best
the
now
views
during
the
remainder
to
as
current
of
the
war
be
done
about
emergency;
then
we
should
of
parts
ques-
these
of
critically
summarize
to
is
section
what
foregoing
first
the
upon
implemented?
be
policies
such
Needed.--The
bearing
this
in
task
first
Our
tions.
materials
supply
paper
this
can
how
on Policy
Main Arguments
(a)
And
objectives?
wages
American
may
ask
how
to
GOcCEts
are
now
may
defended
for
Arguments
grounds
economic
principal
The
somewhat
outlined
be
Encouraging
Wage-Rate
advances
wage
general
which
upon
follows:1
as
in Near
Advances
Future
1. Living costs are rising, especially those of defense
ers--who in many cases sustain special costs (such as moving
commuting
ec.
profits
to work)
Most
have
and uncertainties
employers
increased
(as
to how
can afford to pay higher
with fuller operation of
long
job will
workand
last);
wages, because
plants;
their
3. Wage rises should not generally raise prices and cause
flation for physical output per man-hour has been rising, year
year--causing unit wage costs to decline;
4,
Substandard
>.
Government
wage
rates
(particularly
those
en hour), however, should immediately be raised,
labor protection necessitates increase in prices
that
outputs
of
should
civilian
control
as
well
prices,
as
war
rents,
goods
below
40
inby
cents
even where such
of products;
are
profits--and
increased;
see
6. The 40-hour week and 50 percent penalty rate for overtime
should be retained, if only to assure work-sharing if a post-emergency slump develops; and
omer
ot ser So we
1 Sec,
for example,
Economic
Board,
Outlook
1941);
Manufacturers,
files
(CIO);
of Labor's
Problems
and "Position
Dec.
1940.
in
Monthly
Wage
Survey
Adjustment
on Wages"--leaflet
(AFL)
and of
(Conference
of National
Ass'n of
eC
7. Industry-wide collective bargaining should develop much
further, and should level up wage rates in each inter-regional
industry.
Of
these
course
as
such
in
restraints
some
such
upon
terms
still
fascist
nature
alleged
weapons
and
tactics.
find
the
economic
wage-raising,
as
for
case
during
the
both
war
appeals,
by
secured
livings
the
we
about,
Facing
legal
labor
of
curtailment
other
many
by
poor
on
and
Americans
of
millions
dismally
the
on
based
those
buttressed
points are
economic
of
any
and
voluntary
emergency,
stated
these:
Arguments
for
Advances
Wageging
Discoura
1. Rises in average weekly and hourly earnings, due to such
factors as fuller employment, overtime rates, intensive training,
more piece work, and the Walsh-Healey type of requirements, meet
but few reasonable objections; but normal or straight-time wage
rates, on jobs of given contents, should be conservative;
2. Recent profit rises are mostly out of sub-normal cellars,
and are being rapidly cut off by special war taxes; and to adjust
each company's wage rates to its own prosperity would mean too great
diversity in rates between companies;
4.
Output-per-man-hour
statistics
come
more
from the
older,
Staple-commodity-producing industries than from newer and servicerendering industries; hence they exaggerate the rate of advance of
total national production per man-hour--especially in wartime (see
1917-20
4,
data);
Minimum wage
rates
of 40
cents
or less
(in 1940)
should be
advanced to keep pace with costs of such earners' living, including
indirect defense taxation; but the attempt to advance all wage rates
in full proportion to living gosts, or faster, means inflation because it accentuates other tendencies for consumers’ spending power
to
be
outrun the values (at present prices) of
made available for civilian consumption;
the
supplies
which
can
5. With labor costs left free to rise, price and rent controls
futile except as accompanied by sweeping bureaucratic rationing
are
or drastic
contributions
in
taxes
and
loans--or
both;
-55The upward spiral tends to increase inequities among wage
rates, thus to make more difficult the problems involved in demands
for industry-wide wage determinations and levelling-up; and
6.
After
aged
by
inflexible
inflation
incomes
is
goods
rates
prospective
rather
a decreasing
the
emergency.+
the
output
bring
of
than
This
about
growth
rise
has
in
index
of
half
of
payments
total
of wage
remained
living
of
almost
and
factory
141.9
to
and
rates
of
prospect
is
with
goods
incomes,
constant,
other
in
consumer
of
civilian
earners'
costs
total
current
the
that
of
1940
output
of
indicate
increasing
goods
a serious
USBLS
comparisons
but
defense
an
rapid
civilian
the
national-income
for
expenditures
government
to
total
of
of
first
most
seem
wage-earners'
climb
measure
over-all
available,
is
of
the
100
below
slightly
services
and
advance
following
the
rapid
by
the
|
suggested,
The
price-wage
if
rates
wage
and
taxes,
discour-
be
will
employment
now,and
here.
satisfactory
No
1941.
rein.
thus
issues
indicated
from
payrolls,
May
free
commentary
of
debts,
high
allowed
many
the
Of
worthy
is
than
lower
considerably
be
best
at
will
rate
operating
industry's
emergency,
war
the
7.
for
during
while
threatens
prices.
lfor the calendar year 1940, our national income was officially estimated at $74 billion--which figure includes, let us say, not over
$10 billion
of actual
defense
expenditures.
“income payments" were running at the rate of
year; and prospects are that at a peak of war
$100
billion
1940
level.
or a little
over
(in
dollars
By mid-1941,
total
about $85 billion a
effort they may reach
of 1940
purchasing
power).
But defense and lease-lend expenditures are rising still more rapidly;
for the fiscal year 1941-42 they may well reach or exceed $25 billion.
Supplies of many types of goods (such as certain foodstuffs)
are being increased for our own nation's civilian consumption, while
others (like automobiles) are being restricted; the net result will
probably
be a decline in total supplies of consumer goods below the
~56%
an
To
such
of
amounts
supporting
by
inflation
defense
ing
new
and
extended
toward
contributions
consumption,
on
restraints
new
taxation,
ing
and
allied
nation
the
can
maximum-wage
for
demands
mounting
regulations--and
ration-
government
obnoxious
minimize
drastic
to
addition
in
costs,
and
prices,
voluntary
widespread
by
Only
benefits.
unemployment
wages,
dismissal
annuities,
old-age
arrang-
and
bonds
by buying
instance
expenditures--for
for
hands
government's
the
into
incomes
money
rising
their
increasing
divert
which
measures
restrain
can
workers
and
managements
extent
important
controls.
by
giving
employers
no
unnecessary
margins
wishing
to
crystallize
his
several
in
spiral
this
"profiteering,"
and other
of monopolistic
by restraint
ways:
check
may
policies
price
Governmental
and
wage
reckless
for
1
advances.
Anyone
for
this
emergency
example,
extend
The
its
ficient
by
rising
emphasis
could
of wage-hour
earners
opportunity
1926-29
to
be
the
present
Canadian
discussed
briefly
above.
revised
or
supplemented.
many
of
our
(like
over
control
costs.
wage
level
up
And
rates,
local
apt
the
national
appears
rates
to
which
to
be
For
industries.
worst
policy
provide
are
In
could
states)
intra-state
are
those ‘industries
in
living
on
examine
were
provinces
Canadian
sphere
the
low-wage
pinched
by
the
it
perhaps,
aspects,
should
only,
outlines,
policy--whose
some
period
policy
wage
S.
U.
on
ideas
out
in
Canada,
insuf-
of
line
-5/-
that
however,
whole,
of
tendency
the
restraining
and
living,
to
rates
wage
higher
of
standard
worker's
low-paid
the
safeguarding
objectives:
time
the
war-
important
two
toward
well
drives
policy
On
industries.
related
and
defense
in
wages
prevailing
with
become
inflationary.
Otherwise.--What
and
course.
On
the
employing
side,
are
OPM
shooters;
laws
mediation
The
National
and
practices,
in
effect
operating
we
and
compulsory
have
somewhat
some
similar
National
of
disputes
Board
settling
other
and
and
The
federal
added
responnavy,
army,
and
trouble-
combatting
is
is
em-
union-representation
In
Several
the
combination
transportation
supervising
Board,
arising
ever
agencies
disputes.
boards.
Mediation
generally-satisfactory
arbitration
staffs
conciliation
Relations
officially
mediating
the
and
as
such
labor-relations
of
Labor
receiving
organizations,
list
disputes
well-tried
defense
instrumen-
contracts.
are
commissions
The
Walsh-Healey
to
government
the
unfair
field,
and
take
sprout
ployers'
labor
they
as
a con-
moreover,
employers;
subject
made
being
to
lengthening.
are
are
unions
Trade
civilian
and
important
and
Mediation
position.
peacetime
military
continuing
and
states
the
increasingly
growing
The
their
through
wage-hour
state
from
occurring
regulations,
sibilities.
to
wages?
concerns
private
similar
end
affecting
becoming
are
talities,
and
now
authorities,
public
more
are
is
shift
siderable
agencies
of
employers,
by
Policy,
Labor
a National
Implementing
(b)
of
under
what
a
amounts
voluntary
-58agreements,
ciliation
compulsory
Service
rests
upon
of
the
cooling-off
U.
S.
the
National
of
other
Department
of
disputes.
Labor
is
The
principal
spotlight,
Defense
Mediation
Board.
cylinders.
powerful
of
lot
and
The
Con-
hitting
on
now
however,
Need
we
a
ask
for
more?
As
both
our
labor,
study
and
effectively;
be
action,
yet
expedient.
men,
for
boards .+
and
John
the
L.
(for
Mediation
labor
formally
chosen
zations
of
the
(as
United
board,
it
is
ments
of
could
make
i this
was
reported
the
present
machinery
can
now
on
less
the
advice
as
for
it
as
by
the
public
selected
their
free
is
people
the
outstanding
point
magazine,
also
spokes-
organizations
board
from
or
these
leaders;
thus
to
organMr.
denounce
suggestion
that
constituted,
containing
persons
of
labor
would
not
only
but--of
greater
in
Labor
July 1941.
employer
by
the
better
more
organi-
Such
reflect
a
senti-
importance--it
responsibility
Policy
a
President
consideration.
assume
the
and
chosen
serious
firing-line
organizations
more
will
AFL
of
for
The
principal
worthy
argued,
on
be
from
occasionally
representation
plausibly
in Fortune
from
much
reorganization
policy-making
been
felt
cooperate
used
especially
a strike-breaker.
board
be
representation
chief
have
has
and
heard,
responsible
example)
States)
these
an
or
policies
well
leaders
individuals
Board
national
political
is
and
more
Lewis
and
organization
capital
Hitherto
izations--with
new
demand
direct
labor
the
some
The
more
of both
industrial,
Round
for
Table,
-59-
of
execution
its
solutions
able
to
its
have
labor
current
over
sies
In
icies.
subversive
its
earlier
The
increases.
of
the
Board
This
fire.
that
vious
however,
has
use
of
of
its
to
had
members
distinguished
needed
personnel
are
our
peacetime
national
that
the
Wagner
disputes
and
Act
are
functions
and
practices
the
at
labor
Railway
are
of
of
those
of
foreign
govern-
labor
politi-
many
law
Labor
generous
is
other
Since
contains
Act,
insufficiently
in
wage
each
that
in
irons
importance
vital
top.
could
it
tools
opinion,
such
the
pol-
machinations
rather
too
labor
the
in my
has
outstanding
in
crude
and
handicaps,
worst
the
American
other
forces
controver-
progress,
pawns
once
whatever
use
military
agency's
at
certain
of
allies
the
notably
are
who
is
excellent
made
it
months
in
being
national
of
implementation
full-time
between
labor
One
Board's
the
Board,
elements
labor
including
find,
Mediation
difficulties,
ntary
momes
nt
“and
me
cians.
at bottom,
continue
will
involved
issues
these,
practical
for
tremendous
of
face
The
Defense
agency
That
of
eee
MOR TEE Tee
wages.
emergency
both
National
by the
pressing
most
the
of
disputes--many
available
arm
full
hands
bonuses
living-cost
of
interest--from
imebiel
see
less
but
Board,
Mediation
kinds
performed
be
can
functions
These
what
work-
find
to
strive
view.
of
points
post-emergency
and
should
national
the
in
are
advances
or wage
as
problems
such
to
it
commonplaces,
vague
through
way
Feeling
board.
policy-making
the
by
sponsored
policies
an
it
is
ob-
aching
that
regulated,
many
this
void
-60emergency
board
these
Acts
two
post-war
might
should
to
prepare
situation.
well
serve
policies
board,
guished
leaders
collaborate
The
as
ground
with
for
British
the
like
other
legislation
model.
hand,
Messrs.
agencies administering
Industrial
a preliminary
on
the
Court,
For
Lewis,
for
created
a national
part-time
Murray,
suitable
services
and
in
1919,
labor
of
Green
the
distin-
are
thoroughly
appropriate.
We
shall
practices
than
was
we
on
doubtless
wages
obtained
then
in
realization
than
cratic
make
ever;
expert,
every
effort
of
and
and
it
full-time
and
of
prices,
methods
needs
policies
in
present
the
regulation
of
the
period
there
was
much
dangers
within
production,
of
better
of
the
hold
out
affairs
boards
to
well-informed
work
Public
the
present
unsystematic
Responsible
than
at
to
labor
jurisdiction;
regulation
informal,
other
infancy,
in
must
and
in 1914-18.
its
conflicting
We
manage
of
control
implementation
by
less
the
wages;
will
policy-making
were
is
not
at
emergency
disputes
numerous
and
widespread
price-wage
bounds
and
labor
and
inflation.
detailed
the
long
indirect,
suffice.
a greater
distinguished
bureau-
premium
neutral,
administrators.
As the war emergency subsides
many features of national wage
policy will need changing.
The strike weapon may then be more
freely exercised and real wage rates should soon resume their upward
course--as consumer-goods production encroaches again on that of
war goods.
ati
D.
of
are
Claims
made
wages
that,
if
little
difficulty
are
views
measures
quired
by
mentioned
for
national
these
ancillary
to
wage
(1)
jally working
thus
to
defense
be
with
have
Each
of
have
a minimum
that
three
desirable
of
of
and
such
types
of
important
resources
inflation;
and
wages
to
pertaining
seen
the
reallocations
the
up
defense,
yet
prices
would
three
matters,
rates,
labor
and wages
rules
these
to
goods
supplies
first
half
of
are
can
1941
we
treated
standards
at
some
length
(especially
rea host
still
(2)
private
and practices),and
(3)
labor
contain
large
resources
so
be
heavy
amounts
for
that
it
and
private
is
disputes.
total
doubtful
increased.
labor
standards
industrial
increased
significantly
public
of
and
in
previous
as to unemployment,
and hours),
potential
demands
which
with
concerned
are
problems
public
underemployment,
all
indeed,
We
solution.
of
found
would,
problems
Many
sections:
experienced.
speeding
toward
additional
press
be
over-simplified.
dangerously
just
tendencies
would
adopted,
were
Plan
Keynes
the
or
control,
comprehensive
as
such
scheme
sweeping
finance.
government
with
prices
and
some
price-rent
conscription,
of
war
co-ordinating
and the need
resources),
(and of other national
of labor
scription
con-
to
authorities
public
of
resort
increased
the
two:
are
wages
wartime
for
significance
special
of
factors
larger
the
Among
SUMMARY
We
slack,
and
production--but
whether
In
(espec-
1940
civilianand
the
social-security
standards
to
the
in
the
defense
effort,
work-spreading
reduce
and
sustaining
now
enjoy
industries
inflationary
to
reduce
step
up
From
the
combatted
probably
new
more
slacks
just
and
authorities
should
be
wage
a new
time
members
of
the
to
the
to
fact
be
their
needed
to fuller
become
But
huge
vast
to
mainly
finally
wage
em-
rates
requirements
in
to
self-
basic
increase
the
to
may
side,
be
of
labor
The
labor
these
National
needs
policies
Mediation
Board,
of
war
the
Defense
board,
would
on
the
incomes
view.
plus
be
cooperattends
that
perhaps
taxes,
in
public
such
provision
helpful.
loans,
advance-
wage-regulat-
Mediation
For
be
but
war
the
to
side.
overtime;
restraint
of
in
from
could
rates
more
activities
of the
with
inflation
compounded
already
cooperation
inflation
penalty
and
are
Such
combat
effective
rates.
authorities
mentioned.
contributions,
(notably
national
public
thus
antidote
coordinated
tion
due
obstacles,
in
still
living.
this
money-income
social-security
ing
services,
and
the
a better
of basic
millions
serious
phases;
seemed
earnings,
relation
labor,
reducing
ment
in
very
first
features
comfortable
and
output,
other,
by
its
no
effect.
the
total
to
enabled
and
Managements,
ing
least
Increased
overtime,
and
presented
job-making
accelerating
defense
has
and
States
at
unemployment.
ployment
are
United
Board)
coordinaof
full-
Y
A
W
S
D
N
A
G
SWIN
Y
A
W
.
P
.
C
THE
r
r
a
B
.
R
h
p
e
s
o
J
By
|
F
O
E
S
N
E
F
E
D
vol. 6,
no.
5
AROUND
THE
WORLD
nazis from holding offices in that
union.
Slow
airframe
Annual reports from airframe
manufacturers continue to show
that high profits obtain in the industry.
Twenty-four major airframe companies doubled their
1940 income records, and the boys
have just started . The airframe
companies entered 1941 with a
$4,000,000,000 backlog of orders.
Meanwhile wages in the air-
frame industry continue at 50 and
55 cents per hour—a disgraceful
wage to be paid American
ers on our defense planes.
work-
auto
The auto industry continues to
make a racket out of the defense
program. Last week defense officials and the British arrived in
Detroit in inspect the “defense”
shops.
Auto officials hurriedly
stopped work on autos, whisked
defense work into sight. As soon
as the inspectors left, the defense
work went back on the shelf and
auto work resumed.
The auto industry is taking its
time in handling defense orders
so long as cars can be made. Car
profits run to 25% and 35%; defense orders bring a minor 10%.
Detroit, boom town of this war,
that 1940 profits are the highest
since 1937.
The combined net
profit of 16 companies amounted
to 9.4%, which represents a gain
of 148% over 1939.
Insiders at Detroit scoff at
Knudsen’s
OPM
stand.
They
claim that the foreign born OPM
executive is working hand in
glove with the Detroit profiteers.
Many ask what can be expected
from Knudsen, who headed a firm
which
in Germany
built the
pitzZ
truck for the: German
Army.
Ford continues to work on his
air engine for the defense program.
It will be remembered
that during World War No. 1
Ford made Liberty engines for
the government, and incidentally
made a profit of $1,000 per engine!
capitalists
The National Association of
Manufacturers
have just completed a poll of skilled labor
which shows that longer hours are
needed. This is the opening gun
in the drive to preserve profits by
cutting down on _ time-and-onehalf.
The NAM
and other capitalistic
polls are distinctly on the corny
is cutting auto production by 20%
in order to transfer men to defense. Curious aspect of the allout defense effort of Washington
side.
Those in the machine tool,
airframe, and auto industry know
that there are thousands of skilled
men still out of work.
is the fact that Chrysler is now
laying off men. Dodge will soon
lay off more men. Thousands of
The American
Federation of
Hosiery Workers, CIO affiliate,
has barred Nazis, Communists,
and
146
other
but
sure,
CIO
organiza-
tions are beginning to purge the
Communists who poured into the
CIO back in 1936 and 1937.
Although some persons are still
openly aiding the Communists
within the CIO, the leadership of
Philip Murray is giving many
heart to expect that by next Fall
the Communists will be well
purged from CIO ranks.
Communists have no place in
the ranks of American
labor.
They are termites who build only
that they may destroy.
As enemies of democracy, Communists
will be driven out of the democratic labor movement.
conscription
An Association of Catholic Conscientious Objectors has just been
formed in New York City.
The
Spiritual advisors are: Msgr. Barry
O’Toole and Fr. John O’Brien, of
Notre Dame.
The Director is Arthur T. Sheehan.
The address is:
11D wee ot NX NY
The purpose of the ACCO is to
accept responsibility for maintaining a camp for CO’s at Stoddard,
N. H. It will be a forestry camp
for Catholic CO’s.
CSA is interested in this project,
because it may not be long until
CSA is edited
Hamp.
from
The ACCO has
peal for donations
camp. It will cost
to operate this
Stoddard,
N.
sent out an apto maintain this
$12,000 per year
camp.
Already
$1,300 has been raised.
communism
unemployed auto workers tramp
Detroit streets looking for jobs.
In the face of this curious situation, the auto industry reports
THE
AROUND
brands
f
of communo-
Young Catholics the country over
are resisting the modern tyranny.
Whether you agree with them or
not, have respect for those who
heed the voice of conscience. Send
m your cheque today and help make
147
WORLD
the Catholic camp for conscientious
objectors a camp of work, of solidarity, of prayer, and of penance for
peace.
We urge ACCO to christen their
camp, ‘‘Pope Benedict XV Camp.”
Out from under the restraining
influence of ordinary home and
local
environment,
since
last
Oc-
tober, have come a vast segment of
American youth. About 1,250,000
men have already been called to
service to do their part in the programme of National Defense, under the provisions outlined in the
Selective Service Act of 1940. The
United States Military Department
desires to see men trained and wellfor the exigencies of
prepared
mechanized and totalitarian warfare. So far, indications are, that
equipment for such training is not
at the disposal of selectees. But at
this
moment,
CHRISTIAN
SO-
CIAL ACTION is interested in the
secondary ambition of the Army
to promote the common welfare of
America by the protection of the
health of this important section of
the population now under its care.
These men shall be the fathers of
America’s most important legacy of
the future: its children. It is surely not the intention of the U. S.
military authorities that the period
of training shall serve not only for
their development of military skill
in youth but also for the social,
physical and moral deterioration of
We can visualize the
its charges.
grim-eyed
hard-bitten,
so-called,
bellowing
officers
commissioned
about such nonsense as expecting
the army to take care of the private
morals of
cause of
tainence
prototype
terest in
its subordinates. But beits interest in the mainof the family life as the
of all society, of its inthe basic necessities of
148
SOCIAL
national health, of its interest in
the moral integrity of youth, so
precious a treasure in an immoral
era
of
international
banditry,
CHRISTIAN SOCIAL ACTION,
is definitely concerned in the elimination, so far as possible, of the
grimly real problem of vice as it
exists in the vicinity of cantonments and naval stations.
Youth
is being recruited for the preservation of the land. CSA would like
to see the moral and physical preservation of youth assured by authorities of the land.
Within the last several months,
hope indications have become ap-
parents.
Ugly rumors that spread
about the disgraceful conditions existing in nearby local towns have
provoked public action as well as
concern. Already organized in an
effort to improve conditions is the
national
voluntary
organization
known as the American Social
Hygiene Association.
There is at present before the
United States Congress a proposed
enactment, H. R. 2475. This proposal was passed April 21 by the
U. S. House of Representatives
and is now before the United
States Senate.
Christian Social
Action does not entertain the horrible thought that the solons will
vote against vice any more than
they would dare to vote against
the Constitution and the American
flag. Calvin Coolidge’s legendary
dictum that he was for virtue and
against vice is not too long past
to be recollected by the Senators.
But there are a few real estate
agents whose ramshackled propetty make profitable stipends as
houses of ill repute, and there are
the string-pulling ward _politicians entangled in their mesalli-
ance with
forces of vice, to con-
tend with even in this period of
ACTION
AROUND
national emergency. CSA would
not mind its readers dropping a
few letters to the Senators recalling to their mind that this little
not be entirely
item should
dropped amidst the storm and
strife of foreign policy. The average family with their selectee son
is deeply concerned though the
issue is not so stirring as potential
seizures of Dakar or amusing slogans such as “Remember the Zamzam’’. To return to the enactment,
it provides in substance that the
Secretaries of War and Navy shall
be authorized to set up zones of
such radius as deemed necessary
around military camps and naval
stations within which prostitution
shall be considered a_ federal
offense.
The experience of the World
War displays a record that indicates federal legislation of this nature is supported by decisions of
the Supreme Court of the U.S. It
also has been extremely effective in
inducing reluctant state and local
officials to enforce their own law.
Realizing the social importance
of this situation, Federal Security
Administrator Mr. Paul V. McNutt has established in the Federal Security Commission a department entitled the Division of LeThis
gal and Social Protection.
is recognition on the part of the
U. S. government of its other than
purely military obligations to its
defenders and the duty the government has of strengthening public information by factual presentation of conditions. Under this
governmental set-up, CSA is informed,
the
weapon
of
public
propaganda shall be exercised on
The case
the men themselves.
against exposure to social disease
is being presented by chaplains
and medical
officers on religious,
I
moral and health grounds. The
Division also expects to make
available sound factual information and the best scientific opinion
on the sexual problems of youth.
What
precisely
this
will
mean,
CSA is unable to say. However,
eighty members of the Federal Security Commission have been allotted to the new division. Its organization shall be decentralized
into religions and a member asThe
signed to each cantonment.
Division also expects to attempt
an integration of acts on the federal and state levels with the endeavors of local communities.
Genuine interest is widespread in
It has particularly
this problem.
interested women organizations. It
is being supported by a_ radio,
newspaper and magazine campaign,
that may grow in future months.
Stories of unsavoury conditions,
events of a sordid type should definitely be examined and compeIf such entently investigated.
vironment does exist, in spite of
some local real estate dealers who
would stoop to profit by such traffic,
and in spite of the usual liason between vice and local politicians as
may be, determined efforts should
be undertaken by federal officials
to clean up any such mess. Public
opinion will demand it.
the
During the World War,
American soldier had the lowest
venereal rate and the best general
health condition of any army recorded in history. The present army
can and shall be a further improvement.
Surgeon-General Parran of the
U. S. Public Health Service has
stated recently before the House
Committee on Military Affairs:
‘.. . federal laws and approptiations should be applied to
break up interstate and intercom-
149
WORLD
THE
munity vice rings, to stamp out
commercialized prostitution, stim-
ulate state and local efforts to
prevent social delinquency, en-
courage rehabilitation of prostitutes and the provision of appro-
pfiate recreation.”
While CSA is not so naive as to
suggest that (1) there is no interior
moral discipline in American youth
or (2) there is only the necessity
of passing legislation to abolish a
moral problem, nevertheless, it does
propose that the enactment of propand
er legislation handicapping
eliminating the occasion of physical
and spiritual debilitation in conjunction with an adequate leisuretime programme of recreation, is a
definite advance toward the fulfillment of such obligations as the U.
S. government and each local com-
munity have to its defenders.
Accordingly, the campaign of the
U. S. O. (United Social Organization) promoting $10,765,000 for
adequate
of
development
the
leisure time services for soldiers
outside cantonments and for defense
workers
near
factories,
is a
concrete contribution toward the
amelioration of a potentially danThis is a
gerous moral problem.
work which enlists the cooperation
Catholic
Church,
of
the
U:
S. O. is established.
the
Prot-
estant faiths and the Jewish religion under whose joint auspices the
The
organization of an effective
program, attractive and wholesome,
is a recognition that American society as well as the American government have a debt to the youth
of National Defense.
education
Educators should keep their eyes
on John W. Studebaker, United
States Commissioner
of Education.
150
SOCIAL
Under the defense program, Mr.
Studebaker is building up an educational machine which may crush
our Catholic schools.
Studebaker has several irons in
the fire. The U. S. Office of Edu-
cation, representing Dewey-ism and
similar brands of academic poison,
is greedy for new fields.
It is a dangerous trend.
Recognizing in higher education the same general tide toward
centralization apparent in other
phases of American society, the
Rev.
Samuel
Knox
Wilson,
dis-
tinguished Jesuit educator and
President of Loyola University of
Chicago, expressed the opinion
that
government
taxation
of
college and university property as
well as the possibility of federal
and state control of education is
imminent.
His words were addressed to the assembled educators who were convened on April
17, at the National
Catholic
Edu-
cation Association, held this year
in New Orleans. Dr. Wilson suggested in his address as an alternative to “the destructive effect
of federal taxation” on larger universities, the placing of stress on
the development of smaller but
truly representative liberal arts
colleges.
This is another admission by a
prescient member of Catholic educational
associations,
that the in-
fluence of the Dewey-Thorndyke
type of college teacher, fresh from
secularized normal schools, is con-
ditioning the temperament of gen-
eral American
state control.
education toward
Dr. Wilson’s re-
marks should be evidence consid-
ered
by
competent
Catholic
educational thinkers that there
must be a defihite movement ini-
tiated to preserve what is integ-
AROUND
ACTION
Palmer
has done
rally worthwhile in liberal arts
education. A nation’s youth with-
gone up 20%.
nothing.
ject to the beguilements of today’s
demagogue; without the value of
historical long-range experience,
Palmer has
are living in tents.
done nothing.
Workers in Indianapolis live in
Palmer makes more
rat traps.
speeches.
America’s defense is on the production line. Workers cannot remain ill-housed and ill-fed without serious repercussions on our
national industrial output. Proper
housing is a requirement of common decency.
Out its roots
in the past, is sub-
youth does not judge but accept
the present; without immutable
standards, they possess no yardsticks for judgment either of the
truth
of
of men.
remarks
and
events,
or
Ford
The U.S. Labor Board set May
15 for the date on which approximately 80,000 workers at the
River Rouge Plant of the Henry
Ford Motor Company would vote
whether they wanted (1) UAWCIO, (2) Arbor (3) no ‘union,
as bargaining agent.
Mr. Ford was now disillusioned
about his boast that his workers
would wish no union as bargaining agent since he treated them so
Not only did the River
well.
Rouge plant workers vote for a
union but they selected overwhelmingly the VAW-CIO which
valiantly fought for the workers’
rights with Mr. Ford ever since
he refused to recognize that he
too was subject to the law of the
United States.
housing
The defense housing situation
continues to grow more critical.
Defense
Housing
Co-ordinator
Palmer continues to make grandiose speeches and does nothing
for harried industrial workers.
Rents
in
Pontiac,
Mich.,
have
gone up 50%.
Palmer has done
nothing.
Rents in Detroit, Mich., have
Workers
in Connersville,
Ind.,
}0:C.
Manchester Federation of the
J. O. C. have moved their headquarters to a larger Centrale.
Eight vigorous young militants
are now engaged in the work of
organization of their movement
along parochial lines of liturgical
advancement, social education and
religious orientation. The FrenchAmerican populace of this New
England State is being aroused to
a Christian sense of socio-economic community.
The
Rev.
Henri
Roy,
O. M. LI.
dynamic founder of the Canadian
national federation of the Jocists
which rose under his guidance to
50,000 members, is now in charge
of the activities at Manchester.
A further practical step in the development of the Christian social
reconstruction of the working
man has been undertaken by the
THE
151
WORLD
s,
or
it
ed
s,
er
ad
le
h
ut
yo
of
e
trickl
yla
d
an
s
st
ie
pr
us
io
sc
on
-c
ly
al
soci
men, are making a pilgrimage to
nMa
of
nt
me
ri
pe
ex
al
ci
so
e
th
chester.
propaganda
The
touch
of
the
gods
was
e
th
of
e
su
is
nt
ce
re
a
in
d
un
fo
New York Times. The UAW-CIO
negotiated for months with General Motors for a 10c an hour
raise. The corporation made a net
profit last year of $195,000,000.00.
ll
fu
g
in
nn
ru
by
d
de
on
sp
re
M
G
in
r
pe
pa
ws
ne
y
er
ev
in
s
ad
ge
pa
America—from Amarillo to Du.
on
st
Bo
to
o
eg
Di
n
Sa
om
luth, fr
ly
nt
ce
re
s
me
Ti
rk
Yo
w
e
N
The
ran a page 1 blast from Knudsen
—
ne
li
ad
he
e
th
d
ie
rr
ca
which
DECLARES
KNUDSEN
de
si
In
.
L
A
N
I
M
I
R
C
S
E
K
I
R
T
S
e
os
th
of
e
on
st
ju
e—
su
is
the same
eon
ge
hu
a
s
wa
s
e
—
c
n
e
d
i
c
coin
ng
yi
sa
ad
c
ti
io
tr
pa
r
pe
su
page
g
in
do
s
wa
rs
to
Mo
l
ra
ne
Ge
that
m.
ra
og
pr
e
ns
fe
de
e
th
in
rt
pa
its
racketeering
In some cities, officials are voted
ey
th
t,
oi
tr
De
In
r.
we
po
of
t
ou
send most of them to jail. Last
week, due to the graft trials having just about depleted the ranks
t
oi
tr
De
,
nt
me
rt
pa
de
ce
li
po
of the
advertised for more “coppers”.
Three of Detroit’s councilmen
are in jail awaiting trial for hav-
the League of Christian Workers,
which shall incorporate under the
ing accepted bribes on a housing
project. The last Mayor just paid
in
y”
ne
ho
“p
a
r
fo
ne
fi
0
a $10,00
working men above the age limit
of the JOC.
Though the movement is small,
its significance should not be
Already a steady
taken lightly.
rise to crush these civic monsters?
recent establishment of the LOC,
banner of Christ the Worker,
all
The County
come tax report.
r
no
mi
of
k
oc
fl
a
d
an
or
ut
ec
Pros
officials are still on trial for having run the vice racket.
When will an aroused citizenry
152
SOCIAL
social action
The continued vitality of the
Catholic Worker movement started
by Dorothy Day is evidenced by
the summer camp planned by the
Catholic Worker of 2305 Franklin
Ave.,
Cleveland,
Ohio.
The camp will be held at Wayside Farm, Avon, Ohio, from July
10 to August 10. Courses will be
given in cult, culture, cultivation,
Church history, liturgy, lettering,
sewing, and folk dancing.
Among the teachers will be the
famous Ade de Bethune, Mary
Finegan, Dorothy Schmitt, James
ACTION
THE
AROUND
Robicheau,
others.
Peter
Maurin,
and
The school has received the
blessing of Most Rev. Bishop McFadden, Chancellor of the Diocese,
and will be chaplained by Father
Lauer, a labor-minded Jesuit of
Cleveland who has done yoeman’s
work for the Catholic social move-
ment.
There is no charge for the school.
Donations will naturally be accepted. For further information or
reservations write to Thomas M.
Durkin, 2305 Franklin Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
CSA gives the school a 150%
send-off.
strikes
taxes
Press and movie continue to
frighten the country to the idea
that defense strikes are sabotaging
the defense effort.
No mention is ever made of the
corporation officials who are using
the patriotic club to beat workers
over the head. Most defense strikes
have been more than justified in
What is wrong is
recent weeks.
that the Administration, by refusing to take a Christian stand on
war profits and patriotism, has ento the
manufacturers
couraged
present “all out effort to sack the
unions.”
t
a
h
t
us
s
ll
te
u
a
e
r
u
B
The Census
r
e
m
A
e
g
a
r
e
v
a
e
h
t
5
out of every $
r
o
f
s
e
o
g
$1
n
a
h
t
ss
le
ican earns, no
taxes.
The average tax
pvjt per year. That
father with wife and
children must pay
$436.
Our
Readers...
United States Steel last month
reported the largest profits since
They amounted to $36,1929.
.
559,995, or $3.47 per share.
In the crisis of national defense, such items as social
per person 1s
means that a
family of two
a tax bill of
m
e
th
e
nc
si
e
m
i
t
t
rs
For the fi
e
th
,
L
A
E
D
W
E
N
e
th
stallation of
.
r
M
,
y
r
u
s
a
e
r
T
e
th
Secretary of
to
g
n
i
s
o
p
o
r
p
is
u
a
h
t
n
e
g
Henry Mor
o
g
u
o
y
s
a
y
a
p
a
s
s
e
r
g
n
o
C
a startled
s
e
x
a
T
.
g
n
i
c
n
a
n
i
f
e
s
n
e
f
e
d
r
system fo
.
t
s
u
m
y
e
h
t
d
e
e
d
n
i
as
t
e
k
c
o
r
will sky
of
e
at
st
e
th
of
c
i
t
a
m
o
t
p
m
Is this sy
e
h
T
?
y
t
i
c
a
p
a
c
it
ed
cr
l
a
n
the natio
d
e
t
n
o
r
f
n
o
c
be
y
a
m
s
e
t
a
t
S
United
with an inflation crisis.
steel
To
153
WORLD
This national defense business
is just ruining the country’s industry!
reconstruction are going by the board. All attention is
now being concentrated on defense of our democratic
tt
tsei
nnan
nins
tinn
esan
cnne
anpe
iemn
nnnn
nabe
eann
biam
eaac
hlpt
sie
teie
-ub
nsio
s
antp
csad
ce
nces
ne
enci
csor
eaus
cins
oe
We believe that an integral part of that defense is
Page
CHRISTIAN
SOCIAL ACTION
institutions.
continued
reform of our moribund
Edited by Catholic Laymen
Indexed in Catholic Periodical Index.
social disorder.
CSA has suffered increasingly during this crisis.
are again in debt. Not heavily, but uncomfortably.
heartfelt thanks.
And no matter what you can do, pray for us.
—T he Editor and Staff of Christian Social Action.
AROUND
(Contents Copyrighted, 1941)
We
We appeal to friends of CSA—those who have followed our work during the past six years. If you can
send in a new subscription for a friend, please do so. If
you can send in a contribution, we will receive it with
CONTENTS
core
oe Cy ee feos at
Pep
tae
Managing
Editor
16
Detroit,
Editorial:
O’Donnell
424,
Michigan.
paid
Charles
Bay
365
Coatacloy
Weber
Station,
Northwestern
Ridge
h
M
Edwin
OFFICES
Box
Business:
J.
Pkwy.,
Brook-
lyn, N. Y.
Pa.
Pennsylvania: Erskine Hall, Haverford,
Foreign: 17 Red Lion Passage, Holburn WC
1, London, England.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES
$1.00 yearly in U. S., $1.25 yearly in Can-
ada,
and
$1.50
all else.
English
rates:6/6
d.
p.a. inclusive; single copies 6d., postage ld.
Entered as second class matter September
7, 1939, at the Post Office at Detroit, Mich.,
under the Act of March 3, 1879. Magazine
issued
August,
monthly
except
during
July
-
-
146
~
154
Comment
5
No.
...... Robert
Editors........
Associate
Editorial
1941
MAY,
VI
VCL.
atta
Sea
-
WORLD
THE
and
DEFENSE
OF
DEMOCRACY
By John Brophy
SWING AND SWAY
THE C.P..WAY. = 5+)
By Joseph R. Barr
=
BEHIND BARS
By Vernon Wilson, Jr.
CHRIST
BOOK
REVIEWS
-
-
-
165
=
wr
-
-
-
168
-
-
-
172
Defense
A CIO
Leader Speaks...
of Democracy
DISASTERS
in
© We stand for prompt and efficient production of those weapons and for the full utilization of
Czecho-
slovakia, Poland and Norway,
low countries, in France and
the
the
Balkans, have spread fear among
democratic
people
through
the
world. The organized working people are fortunate, perhaps above all
other groups, in being able to fall
back for protection upon their industrial organizations And it is
certain that those organizations are
the most solid pillars of democracy,
both in domestic and foreign affairs
The Congress of Industrial Organizations stands four-square for
the defense of the democratic cause
both at home and abroad. This is
no time for ambiguous phrases, for
doubts and reservations. This is a
time
whken
fundamental
things
must be made crystal clear. There
should be no uncertainty among us
whatsoever as to our position in the
international struggle.
@ We stand for aid to the defenders of Great Britain and all
countries resisting totalitarian aggression.
@ We stand for aid of a very
tangible and comprehensible
kind: in the form of tanks, guns,
airplanes, and all weapons of defense which democracy throughout the world must have if it is
to survive.
the vast resources of this country,
in terms of plant, machinery
man power, for that purpose.
We have given
of our position on
have laid before
the United States
and
tangible evidence
these issues. We
the President of
specific and de-
tailed proposals for the reorganization of our methods and agencies
of defense production so that they
may fully serve the needs of the
country and the democratic cause,
rather than the private interests of
our manufacturers and bankers.
Murray Plan
The
first of these proposals
which has come to be known as the
Murray Plan, was advanced by
President Murray of the CIO early
this year. It called for the creation
of
new
administrative
structures,
charged with the responsibility of
producing war materials in needed
quantities and on time.
In these new agencies, labor
would carry its full share of the
burden: equal numbers of representatives of labor and of management, with a government chairman, would assume responsibility
and be given full authority for
doing the job which management
154
OF
alone has proved itself unable to
accomplish.
The new
agencies would be
known as Industry Councils. One
By JOHN BROPHY
THE
DEFENSE
a.
of them would be set up in each of
the great industries concerned with
defense production.
central board, entrusted with
the duty of coordinating the work
A
of the Industry Councils, was likewise proposed, also to consist of
equal representation of management and labor, with the President
of the United States, representing
the government, as chairman.
Reuther Plan
On the heels of the Murray Plan
came the Reuther Plan for the reorganization of the automobile industry to make possible the production of airplanes on an assembly-line basis.
Known by the name of its author, Walter P. Reuther, Director
of the General Motors Division
of the United Automobile Workers,
CIO,
the
Plan
comprehends
the unification of the entire auto-
mobile industry, the centralized
planning of its production methods,
and
the
democratization
of
its management by the creation of
an Industry Council consisting of
three representatives each of labor, management, and government.
The advocates of the Reuther
proposal contend that it contains
the key to the rapid production of
that most indispensable of all modern weapons of war, the airplane,
155
DEMOCRACY
and that upon its adoption may well
turn the outcome
of the war.
It is enough to say that the opponents of the plan have never dared to come forward publicly against
it, contenting themselves with anonymous objections It may be added that in considerable measure the
suggestions it contains are more
and more rapidly being adopted by
the industry, out of the necessities
of the situation.
Steel
Plan
The third of the major proposals
which have been advanced by the
CIO as practical contributions to
the problem of democratic defense
is the
Steel
Production
Plan,
of-
fered by the Steel Workers Organizing Committee.
In the steel industry the problems were different from those
which faced us in automobiles. In
steel, the problem is to make effcient use of scores of small plants
capable of turning out everything
from basic steel to parts needed in
the fabrication of tanks and planes.
Government orders have been
going to the big producers, like
Bethlehem Steel. These producers
are undertaking the expansion of
their
facilities,
a task
which
will
require a year and a half or two
years at least, while abudant facilities are lying idle in the same areas
through lack of planning and coordination.
Again the CIO suggested the
creation of Industry Councils to
undertake the democratic planning
156
}
and management of
war-time industry.
SOCIAL ACTION
this
essential
I think of the CIO defense
plans as proposals for the extension of our American democracy.
Of all countries in the world, we
have the oldest and most certain
traditions of democratic political
government. It is but recently,
however, that the American people have become alert to the necessity of extending that democracy into the industrial, as well as
the political field, if political de-
mocracy itself is to survive.
Trade unionism is such an extension of democracy from the political into the industrial field. But
trade
unionism
in the
narrow
sense, indeed even modern industrial unionism, will not be enough,
unless
organized
labor
assumes
certain fundamental
responsibilities, and for that purpose undertakes an even broader extension of
the principles of democracy.
Labor’s
Contribution
These new responsibilities have
to do with industrial production
and with management. Labor has a
contribution to make to the economic life of the nation far greater than its simple contribution of
manual strength and skill. It has a
contribution to make in terms of
its understanding of the processes
of production, its first-hand acquaintance with the methods and
the tools by which goods are made.
And labor alone is in a position
to make
that contribution,
because
DEFENSE
labor alone at once knows
how
the
job is done and has the will to do it,
not in the interest of private profit,
but with the welfare of the nation
as a whole in mind.
The assumption of that responsibility, the achievement of that
power and authority in our eco-
nomic life, will constitute the frui-
tion, the maturity, of democracy in
America To the realization of those
objectives our movement dedicates
itself
Essential to the assumption of
responsibility by labor in production is the development of systematic, orderly, and intelligent
plans of operation within each industry and for all industries taken
together throughout the country.
The elaboration of such plans,
and their application, are part of
that democratic
which we propose.
development
Our Emergency
In war-time, in time of desperate national emergency, those plans
must be drawn first of all with a
view to top production in the goods
which are needed by the armed
services of the nation and by the
fighters of the countries to whom
we lend our assistance.
Yet defense is not solely a matter of weapons, least of all in a
democracy. If we are to defend
ourselves well, and particularly if
we ate to know with certainty
that our loyalty is not misplaced,
it is imperative that standards of
life for all our.people not only be
OF
maintained at present levels, but
be expanded.
With intelligent planning, this is
not impossible, for our capacity to
produce in this country, even with
our existing plants and equipment,
is so far beyond anything which
has thus far been utilized in the
life of the nation as to constitute a
condemnation of the inefficiency
and stupidity of that private management which has claimed the exclusive right to control our economis destinies in the past.
Defense
Defense is a matter of both guns
and butter. Defense means the production of weapons for democracy
when they are needed, and in
abundant quantities. It also means
the continued provision of the necessities and comforts of life to all
the people. Plans for defense which
fail to meet both of these objectives
are inadequate for their purpose.
The proposals of the CIO in relation to defense production have
an importance which carries beyond
the immediate military emergency.
We look ahead to the period after
the
the
cessation
false
of
stimulus
hostilities,
to
when
production
provided by the necessities of defense gives way and _ intelligent
planning for peace-time purposes
takes its place.
It is essential that we take the
necessary steps well in advance to
complete that planning, and to
realize the necessary social control
over production, so that we shall
not find ourselves faced with an-
157
DEMOCRACY
other post-war depression of such
magnitude as to wreck our unions and destroy all the gains
which we have made throughout
these difficult years.
There need be no mystery about
the steps which we must take. On
the basis of an overall plan and special industry plans it is possible for
us to set up schedules of production at levels which will give full
productive
to our
employment
equipment and our man-power.
wage
minimum
adjusting
By
levels and maximum price levels
properly so that industry pays out
enough in wages and salaries to buy
the goods which are produced we
can make sure that our entire economic system operates permanently
on a balanced basis without pumping unlimited quantities of government money into it.
Doubtless the need will continue
over a limited period of time for
special government expenditures on
public works. We will want to go
ahead with the enlargement and
perfection of our social security
system. If the new controls are to
operate properly we will need to revamp our banking system, and may
need to make cheap government
credit available to our business
men
Down
to Cases
Let me be a little more specific.
I think it is important in these matters to get our minds as clear as
we can on the concrete details of
the action we must undertake.
This country is capable of turn-
158
SOCIAL
ing out goods and services in the
amount of about 110 or 120 billion
dollars worth a year if it puts its
economic house in order. We have
been limping along at 70 or 75
bil-
lion dollars a year. In the depths
of the depression we dropped as
low as 40 billion dollars.
A production level of 110 billion dollars would give every family in the land an income well above
the minimum necessary for health
and reasonable comfort. The only
reason we have not reached that
level already is that we have proved
ourselves incapable so far of getting our heads together and planwing the job.
The main steps we would have
to take in this planning process
can be anticipated without difficulty. The overall planning agency which President Murray has
proposed should first make an analysis of the goods and services
which the American people would
consume if they had 110 billion
dollars in their pockets each year
to spend for the things they need
and desire. Students of economics
have enough information on this
subject to begin with now and
the planning board could undoubtedly obtain enough additional information for our purposes in a relatively short time.
Having made this preliminary es-
timate, the Board, working with the
Industry Councils, would outline
schedules
of
production
under
which the goods necessary to satisfy the wants of the American peo-
ACTION
DEFENSE
ple would be produced in proper
quantities each year.
When schedules had been work-
inesses against loss due to the
program by purchasing unsold
surpluses at cost, holding them
temporarily in an
over-normal
warehouse, and adjusting production schedules for the next year to
enable the government to market
the surplus at proper prices.
By arrangements of this kind we
can make certain that all business
ed out for each industry, and a
master plan had been developed for
the entire country, it would be necessary for the government to see
that the various industries produced their particular product, in
the amounts determined, and at approximately the same time.
will operate at high levels of production simultaneously. This means
that millions of men will be employed who would otherwise be
without work and without money
to spend This means in turn that
all the goods and services which
are being produced under the program will be purchased by the
workers in other industries, who
have good paying jobs and are getting the wages they need In other
words, the system will operate under its own steam, on a pay-as-yougo basis, without the government
having to pump millions of dollars
into the operation.
The task is first to make certain
of full production and second to
make sure that enough money is
paid out in the form of wages and
No Sabotage
There
is
some
reason
to
hope
that there would be sufficiently
wide-spread approval of the program and sufficient confidence in
its operation so that the various industries and all the individual busi-
nesses in each industry would go
ahead with the required production
without compulsion.
Probably there would be a few
stragglers, however; this problem
could be met by measures similar
to those which have already been
used by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, namely the
collection of processing taxes which
are repaid practically in full when
the government is satisfied that the
individual producer has complied
with requirements. Where individual producers failed to meet their
obligations to society even under
such arrangements, provision for
temporary receiverships might have
to be made in the interest of the
common good.
It might well be necessary in
salaries to buy the product.
The
mere reemployment of millions of
men is the best guarantee that
enough money will be turned out
to buy the product. Failure of purchasing power in our economy is
largely a failure of employment.
Rational Control
addition, in order to avoid undue
Yet in addition
certain that wage
up to the proper
losses by individual concerns, for
the government to guarantee busf
_—,
Na
saa
OF
a
we must make
levels are kept
point and that
159
DEMOCRACY
price levels are kept down so that
the cost of living does not consume
all the advance in wages.
Collective bargaining, aided by
the machinery of the Industry
Councils which we propose, together with statutory minimum wage
guarantees such as the Fair Labor
Standards Act, again tied in with
the Industry Councils, will provide
the means of minimum wage level
control.
So far as prices are concerned,
the federal government is now acin
experience
abundant
quiring
this field and the industrial unions
must throw their weight on the
side of price reduction rather than
price advances. Such price reductions will become an easy matter
for industry when production levels
advance sufficiently to assure subin overhead
reductions
stantial
charges.
Liquidate
Usury
As I have suggested along with
any such program must go a program for the reorganization of our
credit machinery in this country.
Farmers and businessmen must be
able to get enough money to operate with at rates which reflect
only a reasonable profit for the
bankers over and above their costs
of operation. One per cent interest, or 114 or 2 per cent at the
most is quite high enough. There
is no justification in most instances for charges higher than
that.
Government credit will probably
have to be put into the field to
160
SOCIAL
bring
price
credit
rates
this level, but it seems
down
to me
to
that
if there is one thing the American
people as a whole can agree upon,
regardless whether they are farmers, or industrial workers, or business people, it is that the bankers
in this country should not be allowed to choke off our economic life.
None of these measures is Utop-
ian. None of them in unheard of,
or impossible of achievement. None
of them is revolutionary, or destructive of the fundamental institutions in which we believe.
By
resolving to achieve them we can
put an end once and for all to insecurity, unemployment and poverty
among
us.
Unless we look forward now and
prepare for the future, we are in
great danger. If we lay our plans
carefully, if we take the necessary
steps to deal with our problems, we
have nothing to fear.
No
More
Hoover
‘“SBooms’’
It is the purpose of the CIO to
go forward with its proposals for
the democratization and rationalization of our economy as a measure
of defense during the emergency
and as a measure of progress and
security in the post-war years.
It is imperative that we resolve
now never to return to the desolation of the depression years. We
must resolve now to press forward with our proposals for economic planning and economic
democratization,
unemployment
to the
and
end
poverty
that
may
DEFENSE
ACTION
be well on
tion by the
over, and
mastered in
Nothing
achievement
their way to eliminatime the emergency is
may be completely
the ensuing years.
less
than
such
an
will justify in the end
the sacrifices, moral and material,
which Americans are making now,
and which they must make tomor-
row in greater measure,
American
labor
society of which
movement,
to the
we are a part.
For All
It is my own conviction that the
program which the CIO has enunciated for America should be offered to democratic
peoples
throughout the world. That the
planet hds shrunk to the size of a
small community has become a platitude. The conditions of life for
all people through the world affect
most intimately and seriously the
conditions of life for Americans.
If basic economic problems can
be solved in this country by democratic
methods,
and
tion: the suggestion that the CIO
undertake to establish direct communication with the British labor
movement for the purposes of military and economic defense and for
the additional long-range purpose
of working out clear formulations
of the precise objectives for which
the democratic forces are fighting.
for nation-
al defense. Nothing less than such
an achievement will discharge our
full obligation, as leaders of the
if democratic
forms can be preserved in the rest
of the world or a substantial part
of it, there is no reason why those
fundamental economic ills which
have afflicted us may not be dealt
with also in other countries.
In this connection, the Steel City
Industrial Union Council recently
assumed leadership among our organizations with a proposal which
merit our very, careful considera-
nso
SEE
OF
Be
Practical
and
self-sufficient
as an
ob-
jective of democratic people. Yet
the democratic
cause might be
strengthened fundamentally by an
announcement from the governments in the democracies that they
propose the very extension of democracy into the economic sphere
in all nations which the CIO envisages for America
I believe further that it would
be well if democratic people were
to make it clear to the oppressed
in all conquered lands that their
purposes include the establishment
of
some
integrated
world-wide
democratic federation of the peoples, and full political and economic
democratization
throughout
the
world
I believe that we in the CIO
who have the responsibility of
leadership and for the formulation of the objectives and the
methods of movement must give
serious and immediate consideration to these issues. I think it is
incumbent upon us to decide
whether we must not, taking time
161
by the forelock, assume promptly
and before it is too late the prime
responsibility for the announcement and the prosecution of such
aims.
Opposition
to such proposals
comes now from strange quarters.
There is the extreme right which
seeks to drag our democracy backward,
The defense of democracy in
terms of military combat stands
alone
DEMOCRACY
or bids
it at the best mark
time, deluded by notions that it
may yet be possible to return to the
good old days, which were not so
good, or unfettered business competition, periodic economic collapse,
unbridled destruction and wastage
of our national resources, and wan-
ton disregard
rights of the
man.
Nix
On
of the needs and
individual common
Revolutions
And there is the extreme left as
well, encumbered by illusions that
American problems may be solved
by methods which have already
failed in other lands.
Reactionary and so-called radical alike, these enemies of progress within our ranks, combine
in their opposition to the democratic proposals for the democratization of our economy which
have been adopted as part of the
official program of our organiza-
tion.
Together they hope to profit by
confusion. They await that break
down of our economy and our entire social structure which they believe must prove their opportunity
for supreme political power, but
which in truth must mean the col-
162
SOCIAL
lapse of trade unionism, of democratic government, and of all the
ideals for which our movement
stands.
Democracy No Mere Slogan
They give lip service to the democratic idea, but in opposing those
who seek to apply it, they betray it
in practice.
With us, the democratic idea is
something more than a phrase. It
is something more than a
trick to
be juggled with for political ad-
vantage within our unions and in
the halls of our legislatures and
our Congress.
ACTION
Cutting the Rug
with
Excelsior!
We take our convictions seriously. We are aware of our responsibilities. We propose to go forward
by democratic
methods
toward
those democratic objectives which
contemplate the hapiness and dignity of all human beings the world
over.
The opportunity to assume definitive leadership in the achievement of those objectives belongs
to the movement of which we are
a part. That opportunity we embrace with gratitude and accept
with courage.
Christian Humanism
Christian humanism, integral humanism, is able to accept all since it
knows that God has no opposite and that all is borne irresistibly by the
tide of His providence.
It does not reject what springs from heresies
and schisms in its human heritage, the works of the heart or reason gone
astray.
It knows that these historical forces energized by error have
served the work of God despite themselves, and that in their own despite
throughout the whole modern period they have felt the surge not only of
illusory but also of Christian energies in this temporal life. In the scheme
of Christian humanism, there is a place not for the errors of Luther and
Voltaire.... In spite of themselves they have contributed to human history a certain increase and growth (which belonged to Christ as does all
the good we know) I am glad to be Voltaire’s debtor in the matter of
civil tolerance or Luther’s in that of non-conformism and for these things
I honor them; they belong to my cultural universe, they have their part
there and their office; there I can talk with them and when I strive against
them, even when there is war to the knife between us, they are still alive
for me.
But in the scheme of Marx’s humanism there is no place for
St. Augustine or St. Theresa of Avila, save as moments in the progress
of a dialectic whose only advance is over the dead.”
Jacques
Maritain, True Humanism.
e
Swing
and Sway
SWING MUSIC is an innovation
of modern times. The main thing
about swing is that although an
orchestra adheres strictly to the
basic musical pattern, the melody
varies according to the desires of
the musicians.
Anyone who has heard Benny
Goodman swing “Indian Love
Song” knows what I mean.
At
times you know what he is playing, but again at times you don’t.
So it is with the Communist
Party (C. P.), USA. Although the
Comrades
adhere to the party
framework, they improvise from
time to time and you would never
know that it is the Communist
Party line that is being peddled.
er which has gone unrivalled dur- —
ing the centuries, the party purged
and liquated right and left.
In
the
when
cratic means. The
had headquarters,
the
CP
was
Socialist Party
a machine, a
press, and all the apparatus so nec-
essary
for organized propaganda.
The CP organized its members,
and they joined the Socialist
Party. Hiding behind the mask of
Socialism,
began
to take
property,
machin-
CP
the
over party headquarters and steal
Socialist
Party
ery, and so forth. The Socialist
Party which Eugene Debs led was
dismembered in the tug-of-war of
a factional fight.
eign policy of the Soviet Union.
The center of the Communist
Party is in Moscow.
There the
what
America,
organized, there alrady existed an
old and quite respectable Socialist
Party. The Socialist Party was
working for gradualistic reform of
the capitalistic system by demo-
The Communist Party, USA, is
one of the most powerful organizations in the United States. It is a
secret, subversive organization
which uses any means to obtain its
end: the implementation of the for-
decide
R. BARR
It all began back in 1917 when
there was a Revolution in Russia.
Under the dynamic leadership of
Lenin, the party organized a revolution in “democratic” Russia and
seized power. With a lust for pow-
Beginnings
bosses
Commies...
the C. P. Way
By JOSEPH
party
the
Labor
line
is going to be, and once it is decided the word goes out over the
wire to the various party headquarters around the world. Hence the
slang expression, ‘‘C. P. line.”
Unions
With the CP boring into the Socialist Party, the next step was to
capture the labor unions. Labor unions are ripe for CP propaganda
and CP capture because they have
163
PSS
SATS SRE
RS
SSSI DAE
NEE
A
ee
164
SOCIAL
(1)
ey,
(4)
ter
a large membership, (2) mon(3) discontented members, and
an idealistic yearning for a betworld.
The AFL was the leading labor
union, and the CP tried to join
the AFL and capture the old Federation. In this struggle to cap-
ture the AFL, the CP confronted
John L. Lewis, then President of
the United Mine Workers. Lewis
opposed this attempt on the part
of
the
CP,
and
John
L.
Lewis
during the middle twenties was
bitterly attacked by the Commies
as a reactionary, a stool pigeon,
and an agent of the employers.
But Lewis was adamant and the
CP gave up the struggle.
In other unions the same thing
happened. Hence the party line on
unions began to swing and sway.
The CP began to organize the Communist
trade
unions
of
the
later
twenties.
Having found that it
could not capture the AFL, the CP
made its own unions and began to
attack the AFL as a reactionary,
capitalistic institution.
The CP formed the TUUL
(Trade
Union
Unity
League)
which carried on organizational
campaigns and organized a ceaseless propaganda to woo the wily
trade unionists.
Under the CP some strikes were
fought. Some were won, others
lost. The workers who were misled in the Passaic textile and other
CP-led strikes didn’t matter much
as long as the CP line was carried
forward.
SWING
ACTION
Democracy was biterly attacked
Had
as the opiate of the people.
not Lenin said that democracy
should be scuttled and thrown into
the “ashcan of history?”
But Comrade Lenin and the boys
had not said that you couldn’t be a
democrat. Lenin said that democratic means must be used “the better to wring the neck of democracy.”
During the depression the CP
was not making proper progress 1n
the unions. Something had to be
done. The Revolution was not progressing.
Cutting the Rug
Then came another swing and
sway when the CP became the
friend of democracy. The CP sang
the song of peace, unity, bread, and
democracy. It called upon all progressive forces to unite with the
CP to fight the forces of capitalistic
reaction.
In country after country in Europe, the Communist Party made
great organizational strides.
Certain wings of other leftish parties
lined up with the CP. The “Peoples’ front’? became important.
As the Communist Party gained
strength within the German trade
unions,
the
forces
of
reaction
be-
gan to organize against the Communists. The Communists built a
great front, but the Communists
forced the advent of the blind fascist terror.
It should be noted for the book
that Communist treason and Com-
munist terror brought fascism in
AND
THE
SWAY
country after country. COMUNISM IN EUROPE WAS THE
MOTHER OF FASCISM. If it did
ing point that fascism used in ad-
vancing to power.
The Line Gets Crossed
Fascism,
when
it
came _ in,
stamped out Comunism. The first
thing the Nazis did was to suppress the Communist Party. Then
they suppressed the trade unions.
Comunism was responsible for
this historic betrayal of the working classes of Europe.
But the workers forget easily.
aggression.”
Leagues Against War and Fascism sprung up on every side.
Trade unions departed from their
usual business to fight the world
Over against war and fascism.
They followed the CP line.
Another Rug Is Cut
The
popular
front
failed in
France. Communism in Spain was
liquidated. Communism and Socialism in Austria had been liquidated.
Something had to be done. Once
more the Comrades went into a
huddle and changed the line.
For years the CP line had been
against war and fascism. At first
the Communists dropped the war
part. Then they dropped the fascism part when Hitler
put their arms around
in an historic embrace
mies of the world. The
Then came the Spanish War.
Here, again, the Comunists bored
into a quasi-democratic government let loose the terror of Communism, and forced ultimately another brand of Fascism, the falange. War and its horrors visited
Spain. The great old country was
rent asunder as the Communists
policy
of the
Soviet
and Stalin
each other
of the enetraditional
Union
was
shaken to its foundations.
In America,
the Stalinists in the
trade unions now had to do a handspring. They suddenly found that
fascism was not so terrible after all.
Now they had to think up a new
set of slogans “to bring in the suckers” The League Against War and
Fascism was scrapped. Now they
had Leagues for Peace and Democracy.
had their day with their enemies.
Democracy was scuttled, Communism
made
mince
Spain’s youth .. . and
165
WAY
line continued its devious course.
In America, and especially in the
labor unions, the CP line was found
on every side. The CP line used
to be “against war’ but when the
Communists in Spain got caught,
they suddenly became the worst
war mongers in the country. Union
officials fell for the CP stuff about
“democracy” in Spain. Americans
fought to have their government
give “all out aid” to the Communists in Spain.
not create fascism, it was the tell-
The party line then became
“unite against war and fascism.”
The Communists, hiding behind
their democratic false faces, sang
a song: “Stop the chain of fascist
C.P.
meat
of
the Party
LL
166
SOCIAL
World
War
II
World War number two found
the Communists on the run. They
were in a terrible mess. Then it was
that their former partner in international crime, that great democracy, England, now suddenly became a vicious and imperialistic nation.
For ‘years’ the CP ‘Press ‘and
speakers had referred to those
“four great democracies,” Russia,
France, England, and the United
States.
The Communists ruined
France. Now they are busy knifing
England.
Today the Communist who four
years ago was fighting the war in
Spain is all for peace and bread.
He does not want to leave these
shores. Where once the Communist organized the “Abraham Lincoln brigade” to fight in Spain,
they now picket the White House
and demand that not one drop of
American blood be spilled on foreign shores.
Now the Communists have popped up with a new league—this
time it is the American Peace Mobilization. This, as all the others,
is just one more red front for the
Party — USA. And
Communist
once more the Commies are busy
in the labor unions getting donations for the American Peace Mobilization. They are holding mass
meetings and demanding that “democracy at home be defended.”
Those who once cried “all out aid
for Spain” are now screaming “no
aid for Britain.”
SWING
ACTION
And so itt goes The tale of the
Communist Party im America 1s
one of the most sordid and vicious
tales to be written.
Politics
It should be noted in passing
that the Communists once fought
John L. Lewis as a reactionary and
a stooge. John L. Lewis lined up
with Franklin Roosevelt in 1932.
He gave $500,000 of the miner’s
money in 1936 to secure the New
Deal
in power.
But
suddenly
Roosevelt was no longer a Soviet
Saint. The Communists who fought
for Frank Murphy and Franklin
Roosevelt suddenly discovered that
their friends had “sold out to Wall
Sirect.
The
truth
is,
of
course,
that
Murphy and Roosevelt continued
the logical development of their
policies. The party line changed
... and the Communists started to
do a hatchet job on Roosevelt and
his friends.
In the labor movement
this
change in the CP line was reflected
in the growing antagonism toward
Roosevelt. Lewis and Franklin had
a falling out, and the great Lewis
went so far as to endorse the warmongering, reactionary Wendell L.
Willkie.
The
Communist
Party
lined up solid with Willkie and revealed what we have long suspected: that the Communist Party 1s
just another reactionary organization like the Republican Party.
Sumary
And so on flows the song of
Communism. Swing and Sway the
CP way. Cut a rug
munists. Today all
ney Hillman, who
velt are “Hillman
those
who
are
for
AND
SWAY
with the Comthose, like Sidsupport Roosestooges.”
All
Communism,
Willkie, “peace” and “democracy”
are progressive Americans.
Honest trade unionists are worried about the course of the New
Deal. They feel that OPM is the
agent of the copitalists. They
think that Roosevelt has sold them
out. The Communists, by singing
their
old
refrain,
“peace,
unity,
bread, and democracy” are marching thousands of American trade
unionists straight down the Communist Party line.
This does not mean that all who
want peace are Communists. But it
does mean that those who call for
peace should be careful of those
who join in the chorus. The Communist use of slogans and phrases
is as old as sin. And, unfortunately,
it is just as effective.
Our Menace
Today
America
was
the Communist Party in
is stronger than it ever
before.
Little is said about it,
and few people feel that Comunism is a menace. If the Communist
THE
C.P.
WAY
167
Party in America is allowed to
continue along its path unmolested,
the time will not be long before the
Communists in America will do
what they have done elsewhere:
scuttle democracy by forcing fascism. Today we approach that dangerous gulf.
Three years ago, the Stalinists
formed the “League for Peace and
Democracy” to aid the ‘“democratic” government of Spain. Now
the Reds are the guiding lights of
the American
Peace Mobilization,
the primary aim of which is to
stop aid to Britain and to sabotage
the defense program.
It the Spanish Loyalist government had any semblance of democracy, then England’s claim to such
government principles is unassailable. How that old CP line swings
and sways!
(/n the next issue, a careful analysis will be made of the manner
in which the Communist Party infiltrates labor unions and sells the
party line to those who never suspect that they are eating out of
Stalin’s
hands
Read
“Stalin’s
Stooges’ im our June issue. Pass it
on to your friends in the labor
movement. )
Join with Holy Father Pius XII:
Pray for Peace!
Religion
Prison
Christ
Behind
Bars
By VERNON
WILSON,
JR.
officials
alike
RELIGION HAS a definite place
in the modern American prison.
Without it, the fabulous sums of
money spent annually by the taxpayer to modernize the American
prison would accomplish little more
than to leave a thin impression with
the general public that rehabilitation was in process behind the portals of the average penal institution.
It is a fallacy to believe that a
proposition involving the changing
of human character could operate
without the ameliorating affect of
religion to secure the ultimate end.
But this does not go to say that
where religion has found its proper
place in prison and has become by
virtue of its intrinsic value to the
program of rehabilitation, a pillar
of the penal systems of the state.
It can be regarded, or is regarded,
in a sense that one would tolerate
the whim of an octogenarian.
Look
Prison
and
of
the
nation’s
School
Contrary to popular belief, there
is a definite course followed in the
pursuit of religious training in our
modern American prison; not simply a Sunday service officiated over
by the prison Chaplain. Here we
have a school of religion which is
designed to provide moral instruction in a way that is educationally
sound. The program entails the operation of ten classes, with an aggregate enrollment of six hundred
inmates. The duration of the period
of instruction in each class is two
hours a week. The classes are graded in academic continuity by a set
of achievement tests devised for the
purpose; and college credits by the
Michigan Department of Education are given for each subject
completed, as the course being
taught meets the requirements set
up by the state for the religious and
Biblical training.
Primarily, it is the aim of the
school to offer the student a generous knowledge of the Old Test-
in Prison
by penologists
one
finest rehabilitative programs.
It should not be out of place
here for us to look behind the
scenes at Southern Michigan prison, at Jackson, Michigan, where is
to be found in operation what is
regarded
In
ament, and furnish lessons rich in
character-study and wide in moral
state
168
i
CHRIST
BEHIND
instruction. Major emphasis is being placed upon the life of Christ
as being ideally workable and
liveable. The profound truths of
the New Testament; e.g., the love
of God; His generous way of forgiving wrong; and the power of
retribution and _ restitution are
used as first hand therapy for
changing character and helping
the inmate obtain a new set of
values.
The
narratives,
the
Bible
characters, and particularly the
life of Christ are stressed to give
illuminating
material
on
tight and what is wrong.
what
is
It is accepted that the wrongdoer should first be shown how he
broke faith with society and violated a moral law, and how and why
his act led to such a dire end for
himself. Further, in the school it is
taught that while breaking the civil
law is a serious offense with ill
consequences
for
the
perpetrator,
breaking the laws of God destroys
the
individuals
personality
and
character to a degree far transcending the calculations of ordinary
arithmetic.
Technique
No denominational theory is followed or is permitted of discussion
in the prison school of religion;
but the elementary and primary religious and moral concepts of all
faiths alike are taught out of the
Bible. Never-ending effort is made
to thoroughly explain in terms of
their meanings and values to the
practical issues of life.
169
BARS
Paramount is the object to equip
the students with moral tools with
which to face themselves and their
problems under stress of extraordinary circumstance and any situation which may confront them if
and after they are returned to society as free agents. They are
taught to regard the Bible as a
faithful friend from whom they
may at any time get advice and
counsel.
‘The unexamined
life is not
worthy of man’ seems best to express the idea behind the theory and
method evolved in preparing the
school of religion courses. This affords inmates interested in special
instruction in religion the opportunity to study the Bible, to receive
such benefits thereof as they may
obtain through applied study of
that great ‘friend,’ the Bible, the
omnipresent
source
of
advice,
counsel,
warning
and _ comfort.
Then too, it teaches them to regard
the Bible in a sense that he who
would wear the golden oxford must
first believe that it would fit, and
not in the manner that one would
appraise a passing ‘best seller.’
The lesson material carefully
presents the validity and truth of
Bible
stories,
not
arbitrarily,
but
as being workable as applied to
man’s everyday problems and experiences.
A sincere attempt is being made
to stimulate a seeking interest in
each student and in him the de-
170
SOCIAL
sire to analyze fully his individual
problems.
Does
It Work
The religious classes are conducted in open forum; hence, an expression of his views and opinions
are welcomed from the student.
The success enjoyed by the officials
in their efforts in this particular
field has been gratifying indeed;
for as the result of their participation in the program, many inmates
have found themselves to the end
that they will view life-after-parole
in a way that will clearly demonstrate the difference to them between living and merely existing
from day to day. They have learned to use the tools they have machined
from the steel of their will,
and they need no further instruction than has brought to them this
stage of their progress.
Redirection
of
anti-social
in-
stincts in the prisoner and the sub-.
stitution of noble traits will ever
be the problem of modern penology. Of greatest value to this particular phase, perhaps, are Bible
stories that are especially adapted
to
develop
confidence,
goodwill,
respect for the rights of all men.
Redirection
Bad conduct and undesirable personality characteristics are shown
for what they really are in the light
of man’s experiences through the
ages. Many of our students admit
that they were not aware that God’s
help was available to them.
The
desirable character is developed in
the inmate as the nature of the in-
ACTION
CHRIST
dividual is changed and his efforts
directed along the lines of a constructive religious philosophy. The
school of religion does not stop
where the individual renounces the
things that make for anti-social attitudes.
It teaches him to learn to accept
God’s pardon only in the spirit in
which
it is earned,
and
to submit
to God’s will; not only to deal justly with the symptoms but to get at
the very source of personal life and
trouble and social relationships. As
conduct changes are noted in many
individuals so it is absolutely necessary to supplement these changes
with a transforming religious philosophy that is fundamental in destroying basic causes of anti-socialism and blemishes of character.
Real
Growth
As the stdent comes into a clearer and more mature relationship
with his creator through his studies
of the theories and practice of historic religion as explained in terms
of his own experiences and problems, he is able to obtain a particular basis for progressive judgment
and constructive conduct attitude.
Without registered number, prisoners who have pursued our course
of religious training have frankly
expressed the vast benefits he has
inherited with the cultivated desire
for purposeful living. Thus there
has been established a medium for
his true growth to maturity.
That a course of religious
training is sorely needed to complete the program of any modern
i
BEHIND
prison is clearly defined by the
knowledge that of 5000 inmates
interviewed by the prison Chap-
171
greater volume as time affords the
measure of perfection is illustrated
by the gratifying fact that among
the number who are returned to
prison as violators of their paroles,
only a few have had the advantage
of our courses of religious training
before they were admitted to parole.
lain, 4,500 were found to be reli-
giously illiterate, they could
BARS
not
answer the simple question: What
is the first book of the Bible?
That this particular field of progressive penology must yield in
Our Contributors
VERNON WILSON, a young inmate of
the supervisor of the school of religious
Joun Bropuy, Director of Industrial
tional CIO, is an outstanding intellectual
Jackson Prison, Michigan, is
education at that institution.
Union Councils for the NaCatholic leader in the labor
movement.
JosEPpH R. Barr contributes frequently to CSA.
THE
TRINITY
OF GOD
Is the eternal base upon which Christian Faith rests.
based upon this spiritual foundation.
THE
MATHEMATICS
OF
But not religion alone is
UNLIMITED
By L. BRUEHL
PROSPERITY
Prove clearly and in an easily understandable manner, how the Principle of
Trinity can be used as key to solve Economical, Social and Scientific Problems
in order to disentangle
THE
CHAOS
OF
THE
WORLD
TODAY.
This is the cornerstone for the rebuilding of the world as outlined in the above
mentioned book, which concerns every Catholic, by showing the way to a future
where
Christian Ethics will achieve Unlimited Prosperity.
Size:
6x9 inches; cloth; 406 pages; fig. and diagrams.
PROSPERITY
509 FIFTH
AVE.
PUBLISHING
DEPT. E
$4.00
CO.
NEW
YORK
_ A development of the new basic principle 1s given in the 24-page booklet, ‘The
Fundamental Equation of the Construction of the World’.
Price 25 cents.
a43
BOOKS
mer Communist,
SOvIET Power; Very Rev. Hewlett Johnson.
Modern Age Books,
New York, 1941. 352 pages.
in his search
city of man.
U,. S..S. RK. is born not, this reviewer feels, so much of the mind
The harsh reality of contemporary events may break the complacent conservatism of Low’s Colonel
Blimp but it does not smash the
as of the heart. He has known the
poor, the industrial proletariat of
the capitalistic system and feels
that justice for them must issue
from a system other than the one
that abused them.
Dean Johnson describes the Soviet Union in terms as glowing as
they are unqualified. An embryonic
Utopia
arises
on
the
Russian
steppes. The Soviet is carrying the
torch of a progressive and emancipated humanity. The Communists
are molding out of a gigantic and
guileless credulity of a British
brand of socialist humanitarianism
that is a product of false hope
joined with baseless illusion. This
book is a startling and almost discouraging testimony to the limitless
capacity for self-deception indigenous to the fellow-traveller of the
Kremlin party-line.
The Very Rev. Hewlett Johnson
does not assume a stand that is
novel to his customary reader. The
Red Dean is just himself.
Since
the Very Rev. Hewlett Johnson occupies an important post in the
Church of England as the Dean of
Canterbury Cathedral, the mother
Church of Christianity in the em-
battled
British
for the true earthly
His passion for the
inert
nation,
a
land
dedicated
to
science and industry, culture and
production. Their ultimate human
product will be the “fully developed man.” I believe this man shall
be more like the humanity visualized by the Webbs than the classical
notion of the full man.
For Dean
Johnson, the seduction of humanitarianism as secularized Christianity is too powerful not to allow him
to assert that the Russian plan
“was built upon those moral foundations which Christianity has always demanded.”
“As such, the
programme, at least, claimed a
warm welcome at the hands of
Christians and scientists.”
The evidence Dean Johnson presents, warrants critical scrutiny.
Must the testimony of American
newspapers and authorities be total-
Isles, he is a cher-
ished possession of British Marxists, a wedge into the religious life
of the nation. For many years he
has been an exasperating thorn in
the ecclesiastical side of the ultraconservative and politically potent
Most Rev. Cosmos Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, and Primate
of the Church of England.
Ever
since the days of the last World
War, the story has been circulated
that as a curate in a small parish,
Dean Johnson flew the red flag of
international socialism from his
church steeple to the dismay of his
parishioners. Whether true or not,
Dean Johnson has been assiduous
ly impeached as the author implies?
Are the repudiations of the once
Socialist, Max:Eastman, or the for172
Andre
Gide, to be
disregarded, not to mention the
leftist exposures of the late Leon
Trotsky as surely murdered in
Mexico at the command of Joseph
Stalin as Rykov in Moscow?
It
seems unlikely that the collective
leg of the American people has
been pulled by the continuous reports of Russian dictatorship, antireligious activity, political liquidations, economic and technological
ineficiency, and the steady wasting
away of the restricted rights once
granted the Russian workers and
peasants by what was once called
the Proletarian revolution.
If we
are to believe the testimony of
Louis Fischer, it seems that all blotThe
Editorial
Board
of
CSA
wishes to announce full assumption of responsibility for the contents of the article
entitled
“Christian
Solidarism,”
lately
published in the April issue.
Since the issuance of the maga-
zine of that date, the Board is
in receipt of a communication
from the previously accredited
author who repudiate any association with its content and objects to the editorial strictures
of the article made by the board.
If in any manner, CSA has distorted the conceptions submitted
by the author thru exercise of
editorial prerogative or has, in
any way, done injury to the position of the author in respect
either to his own integrity or the
worth in which he is held by the
readers,
the
editorial
egrets the incident.
board
re-
ting out of damaging information
has been likely in the favor of the
U. S. S. R. during recent years.
In justification of the Soviet system the author ignores some con-
siderations—which to him, as a divine, should not have been over-
looked so readily. Evidently Dean
Johnson regards an examination of
a fundamental tenet of Communism
—materialism—as unimportant. He
denies an undeniable natural law—
man’s right and necessity of owning personal property.
He quotes
Lenin often—and Marx too. Some
familiar quotations like “religion is
the opium of the people,” originally
stated by Marx and frequently reiterated by Lenin, are not mentioned. The Communist concept of
society as a continuous class conflict solved only by violence and
class war is given no play in the
book.
To
cite
the
author,
the
Russian
peopie have “the most democratic
constitution in the world.” It is of
little effort for Joseph Stalin to
manifest an academic interest in democracy when there is one-party
government and both governmental
and party bureaucracies are conjointed in his person If the Dean
is considering democracy as commonality, and commonality in the
sense that everything belongs to
everybody, or more precisely, nothing belong to anybody, then he may
have an interpretation of democracy that will fit the Alice-in-Wonderland set-up of Soviet democracy.
It is possible that the Dean’s solution of dictatorship rests in the
quotation cited from Friedrich Engels: “The state will not be abolished. It will wither away. “Likely
intrigued by the vision of an emancipated humanity freed from restraint
of
even
the
state,
Dean
Johnson neglects the reality of the
174
SOCIAL
present dictatorship, so important
to those who live under its iron
rule.
The
author’s nut-shell condensation and summary of the Soviet
foreign policy is “self-preservation
and peace, and where the two may
clash, self-preservation comes first.”
This is an obvious disregard of
such recent events as the FinnishRussian War, the Polish violation
and the recent Nazi-Soviet alliance,
all of which are by their nature
evidently imperialistic designs of a
nationalistic power.
—C. W.
es
SOUTHERN INDUSTRY AND ReEGIONAL DEVELOPMENT; by Harriet
L. Herrmg,
U. of: N.-Carotine
Press, Chapel Hill, 1940.
$1.05.
MEN AND Resources, Northwest
Regional Council, Portland, Ore.,
VET. 4. PG.
The first is an excellent statistical and industrial study of the
South and its industrial possibilities. The second is an investigation of economic opportunity in
the Pacific Northwest, with especial
references to the proper utilization
of natural resources.
Both are invaluable aids for controlled, sensible planning of industrial growth
and progress.
—R.
D.
x * *
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT;
by L.
Vernon Briggs. Wright and Potter
Printing
Co., Boston,
Mass.,
1940.
$3.00.
The author has been long prominent as a penologist and a student
of mental hygiene. In this volume
he makes a survey of capital punishment: in ages past, the forms of
punishment, the public effect of
executions, and so forth.
The the-
sis of the book is that capital punishment does not stop crime. And
ACTION
while it does not stop crime, it at
the same time brings to the surface
morbid phases of human reactions
which are better never aroused.
It is a powerful plea for the humane treatment of the criminally
sick. Most crime is either economic
or pathologic in origin. Killing men
solves nothing.
—R. D.
i ee
NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR THE SOYEARBOOK.
1940
Srupies;
CIAL
National
Council
for
the
Social
Studies, 1201—16th St., N. W.,
Washington, D. C., 1941. n. p. g.
The report of the NCSS is concerned primarily with economic
education.
Good papers are included which deal with the teaching of economics at the various
scholastic levels, and the various
techniques of economic education,
such as the use of motion pictures,
visual charts, field work, and so
forth.
:
The volume is heartily recommended
for teachers
of social
science.
—R. D.
+ + *
Wuat
175
BOOKS
Price
AtcoHor?;
by R.
S. Carroll, M.D. Macmuillans, New
York, 1941. $3.00.
Alcoholism is again becoming
one of the menaces of the American youth and the American adult.
It is not merely a menace because
of the physical effects of alcohol,
but more so because of the mental
and psychic effects of this drug.
Dr. Carroll writes his book as a
““shocker.’’ He describes page after
page of the pitiful mastery of man
by alcohol. He traces the tragedy
of the man who goes from the glass
of beer to the quart of whiskey.
The good Doctor should have a
wide audience for this book. It is
written in a very interesting man2
ner,
and
no
one
who
reads
it can
but reach the conviction that total
abstainence should be a much more
popular thing than it is today.
A few years hence, America will
again be faced with the drink problem that gave us prohibition.
A
better understanding of the menace
of alcohol may lead to a temperance movement that would circumvent the recurrence of the horrors
of Federal Prohibition of alcoholic
beverages. Reasonable self-restraint
is far more effective than any outside restraint.
The Catholic clergy should see
that such books as this get into the
hands of adolescents. They should
not be permited to go the American, the tap-room way.
—R. D.
* ok x
DEALING WITH DELINQUENCY;
1940YEarBooK. National Probation
Ass’n., 1/90 Broadway, New
York
City, 1941. n. p. g.
This is a three hundred page collection of papers on current opinion
on the treatment and prevention of
delinquency and crime. It also includes a good picture of what the
various private and public agencies
are doing to handle this growing
problem of juvenile delinquency.
—R. D.
oe @
SocraL WorkK YEARBOOK, 1941.
Russell Sage
Foundation,
New
Y ork: 7741, = S325.
This is the sixth in a series of
biennial reports on social work to
be issued. It is a 700-page “concise
encyclopedia which undertakes to
report the current status of organized activities in social work and
in related fields.”
Various authorities have contributed to make this one of the most
valuable reference works in the
held. Factual, authoritative articles
or
include such subjects as adult education, birth control, family social
work,
Catholic
social
work,
labor
relations, negroes, old age assistance, rural social programs, social
hygiene, unemployment compensation, vocational rehabilitation, work
relief, and youth programs.
This volume should be on the
shelf of
library.
every
Catholic
pastor’s
—R.
D.
COQUETTE
Oh talk to me of progress!
You utter, bitter fool.
Tell me of the new machine.
How obsolete the mule.
Oh talk to me of progress!
Gods, broke beneath your yoke.
Once wood, now steel—
But still, no less, it chokes.
Oh talk to me of progress!
You beast in tailored suit.
Tell me please how far you've
come.
But hush! I hear the martial
boot.
Oh talk to me of progress!
Of doctor’s skill, so great—
For men once died of God’s disease;
But now they die of hate.
Oh stop this talk of progress!
Oh wave the bloody shirt!
For man 1s ever on the make.
The devil is the flirt.
—Bos Hooks.
SOCIAL ACTION >
176
“The
Home
of the Best
Writers’
Catholic
THE
CATHOLIC HERALD
Has long been recognized as one of
the few INDEPENDENT Newspapers
in Great Britain.
IN TIME
Its Independence
OF
WAR
has been maintained
Edited in London, its standpoint
is Catholic and Universal. That
is why its subscribers are found
all over the world.
Annual Subscription $3.50
Payable by International Money Order
Send for a Free Specimen Copy
THE NEW
CATHOLIC HERALD,
LTD.
67 Fleet Street
London, E. C. 4. England
ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND PROB-
LEMS;
Farrar
Edited
at a Catholic
Liberal
College
Arts
Assumption College, conducted by
the Basilian Fathers at Windsor, Ont.,
Canada, now offers a five year Honor
Course in sociology based on the Four
Gospels, Thomism,
and
the Papal
Encyclicals.
Courses for undergraduates in sociology, anthropology, rural sociology,
labor history, social pathology, labor
economics, population problems, criminology, Catholic social backgrounds,
dictatorships, and social ethics.
Conducted by experts, along socratic
lines, the Assumption College course
is outstanding among North American
schools.
Write for further information:
J. Stanley Murphy, C. S. B., M. A.
Registrar
ASSUMPTION COLLEGE
WINDSOR, ONT., CANADA
W.
E.
and
Rinehart,
New
on
economic
and
Spahr.
York,
1940. 2 vols. $3.50 each volume.
This is the fourth revised edition
of an original excellent series of
papers
related
problems. Written by such experts
Angell, C. K.
as Sir Norman
Daugherty, S. S. Huebner, Bruce
Knight, Paul Nystrom, and Willard
L. Thorp, the set is a worthy addition to the library of any student
of socio-economics.
Starting out with the question,
“What Is Economics?” the two volumes consider such problems as labor, natural resources, capital, foreign exchange, rent, interest, public utilities, and so forth, there is
contained herein an admirable ser-
ies of studies dealing with the entire gamut of socio-economic problems.
Fairly
Christian Social Action
by
objective
and
complete
with sources and index, the set
serves well as a statement of cur-
rent economic opinion and fact.
—R. D.
x * x
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED CHIL-
DREN
York
IN NEw
CITY;
Report
of the Comm. for the Study of the
Care and Education of Physically
Board of
Handicapped Children.
Education, New York, 1941. n.p.g.
Oren Arr CLASSES AND THE CARE
or BeLow Par CHILDREN; ditto.
The first is a statement of the
problem, an analysis of techniques,
and then development of a program. The second book deals with
the origin and development of the
open air class, and concludes with
an excellent series of recommen|
dations.
é
PRINTED
IN U-S-&
- Item sets